分布式電能存(cun)儲(chu)設備的功率從幾千瓦至幾兆(zhao)瓦不等，儲(chu)能容量(liang)一般(ban)小(xiao)于10MW·h，多接入中低壓配電網或(huo)用戶(hu)側。從能量(liang)儲(chu)存(cun)形式看(kan)，分布式電能存(cun)儲(chu)技術可(ke)分為機械儲(chu)能、電磁儲(chu)能、化(hua)學儲(chu)能等。

　　分(fen)布式電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲設備的功率(lv)從幾(ji)千瓦至幾(ji)兆瓦不等(deng)(deng)，儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)一(yi)般小于10MW·h，多接入(ru)中(zhong)低壓配(pei)電(dian)網或用戶側。從能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)儲存形(xing)式看，分(fen)布式電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲技術可分(fen)為機械(xie)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)磁儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)、化(hua)學儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)。若按照(zhao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)存儲和(he)釋放(fang)的外部特征(zheng)劃分(fen)，又可分(fen)為功率(lv)型和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)型2種。

　　1、分布式電能存儲技術的特點及發展情況

　　分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)從(cong)幾千瓦至幾兆瓦不(bu)等，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)容量一般小于10MW·h，多接入(ru)中低壓(ya)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網或(huo)用(yong)戶側(ce)。從(cong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量儲(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)形式看，分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)技(ji)術(shu)可分(fen)為機械儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、化學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等。若按照能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)和(he)釋放的(de)(de)外部(bu)特征劃分(fen)，又可分(fen)為功(gong)率(lv)(lv)型和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量型2種(zhong)。前者適用(yong)于短時間內(nei)對(dui)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)合(he)，如改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質量、提供(gong)快速功(gong)率(lv)(lv)支撐等；后(hou)者適用(yong)于對(dui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量需(xu)(xu)(xu)求較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)合(he)，需(xu)(xu)(xu)要儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)備(bei)提供(gong)較(jiao)長時間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)支撐。功(gong)率(lv)(lv)型儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)響(xiang)應迅速、功(gong)率(lv)(lv)密(mi)(mi)度(du)較(jiao)大(da)，包(bao)括(kuo)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容、飛輪儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超導儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量型儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)具有較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)，充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間較(jiao)長，包(bao)括(kuo)壓(ya)縮空氣儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池、液流電(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池等。各種(zhong)分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)發展水(shui)平不(bu)同(tong)，成(cheng)本也(ye)有明顯差異，在效率(lv)(lv)、壽命、功(gong)率(lv)(lv)/能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量密(mi)(mi)度(du)等方(fang)面具有不(bu)同(tong)特點。采用(yong)混合(he)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)形式，將(jiang)不(bu)同(tong)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統進(jin)行組合(he)，可充(chong)分(fen)發揮不(bu)同(tong)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)優勢(shi)，以滿(man)足功(gong)率(lv)(lv)和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量等多方(fang)面的(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求，這將(jiang)是(shi)未來分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)發展和(he)應用(yong)的(de)(de)趨勢(shi)之一。

　　2、分布式電能存儲系統的應用場景

　　分布式電能(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)系(xi)統（DESS）的應用(yong)(yong)涉及配(pei)用(yong)(yong)電系(xi)統中的各個環(huan)(huan)節，與大規(gui)模、集中式的儲(chu)能(neng)電站相比，分布式電能(neng)存(cun)儲(chu)系(xi)統對接入(ru)(ru)位置(zhi)的環(huan)(huan)境條件限制(zhi)較少，接入(ru)(ru)電網(wang)的方式更加(jia)靈活，在配(pei)電網(wang)、微電網(wang)、分布式電源側，以及用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側都可以發揮獨(du)特的作用(yong)(yong)。

　　2.1 在配電系統中的應用

　　參(can)與系統調峰。利用分布式電(dian)能存儲系統在高峰負(fu)荷時放電(dian)，在低谷負(fu)荷時充(chong)電(dian)，可有(you)效實現(xian)負(fu)荷的削峰填谷。其效果可體(ti)現(xian)在如下3個方面：

　　① 緩解電網功率(lv)阻塞；

　　② 延緩配電網升(sheng)級改造(zao)；

　　③ 降低(di)網絡能量損耗(hao)。

　　參與系統(tong)頻率調節。分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存儲系統(tong)具有響應速(su)度快、輸(shu)出功率控制(zhi)精度高等(deng)特點，十分(fen)符合電(dian)(dian)網(wang)調頻的(de)需求。與傳統(tong)調頻電(dian)(dian)源相(xiang)比，分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存儲系統(tong)具有較為明顯的(de)技術優勢。隨著分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存儲系統(tong)成本(ben)的(de)下(xia)降，在調頻服務中也將逐漸(jian)顯現出其經濟(ji)性。

　　參(can)與系(xi)統或饋線級調壓(ya)(ya)。大量分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)源在配電(dian)系(xi)統中接(jie)(jie)(jie)入，將直接(jie)(jie)(jie)改變(bian)配電(dian)網中功(gong)率的流(liu)動規律，造成(cheng)一些節點電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的升(sheng)高(gao)。利用分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)能存儲系(xi)統有(you)功(gong)功(gong)率的調節能力(li)，可以(yi)有(you)效(xiao)緩(huan)解(jie)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)源接(jie)(jie)(jie)入后的節點電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升(sheng)高(gao)問題(ti)，提高(gao)配電(dian)網對分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)源接(jie)(jie)(jie)納能力(li)。

　　2.2 在改善分布式電源運行特性(xing)方面的(de)應用

　　平(ping)滑(hua)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)功率波動(dong)。將(jiang)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)能存(cun)儲系(xi)統(tong)與光伏發電(dian)(dian)、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)等波動(dong)性分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)緊密配合，利用(yong)儲能的(de)快速(su)充放電(dian)(dian)特性平(ping)抑這些電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)快速(su)波動(dong)，可在一定(ding)時(shi)間尺度上（分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)至(zhi)小時(shi)級）實現輸(shu)出(chu)功率的(de)平(ping)滑(hua)，顯著提高(gao)這些電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)功率輸(shu)出(chu)品質，降低其(qi)對(dui)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)影響。

　　實(shi)(shi)現分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源端(duan)節點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)控制。將分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源直接與儲能系(xi)統相配合，對分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)實(shi)(shi)現有(you)效控制，在饋線中一定比(bi)例的分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源上采用這(zhe)樣的手段，完全可以(yi)克(ke)服饋線節點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高(gao)問題。該方案不會隨分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的接入(ru)改變(bian)系(xi)統運行(xing)或控制策略，能夠實(shi)(shi)現“即插即用”。

　　增強分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)源的(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)可(ke)調(diao)(diao)度(du)性(xing)。將分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)能存(cun)儲系統與風電(dian)(dian)和光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)等分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)源有(you)效加以集成，對電(dian)(dian)網而言形成一(yi)(yi)個統一(yi)(yi)的(de)單元，實現在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定時間尺度(du)（分鐘至小時級）上輸出總功(gong)(gong)率(lv)的(de)調(diao)(diao)節，進而使(shi)其具備一(yi)(yi)定程度(du)的(de)可(ke)調(diao)(diao)度(du)性(xing)。

　　2.3 在微(wei)電網中(zhong)的應用

　　實現聯絡線(xian)功(gong)率(lv)控制(zhi)(zhi)。微(wei)電(dian)網(wang)聯網(wang)運行時，微(wei)電(dian)網(wang)與配電(dian)網(wang)間聯絡線(xian)功(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)波(bo)動(dong)可能(neng)對配電(dian)網(wang)產生較大(da)的(de)(de)影響。通過對微(wei)電(dian)網(wang)中分布式電(dian)能(neng)存儲系統的(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)，能(neng)將(jiang)聯絡線(xian)功(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)波(bo)動(dong)控制(zhi)(zhi)在一(yi)(yi)定范圍之內。聯網(wang)運行時，對配電(dian)網(wang)而(er)言，微(wei)電(dian)網(wang)將(jiang)成為一(yi)(yi)個可調度(du)的(de)(de)電(dian)源（或負(fu)荷(he)），可以利用(yong)微(wei)電(dian)網(wang)實現一(yi)(yi)些電(dian)網(wang)輔(fu)助(zhu)服務功(gong)能(neng)，進(jin)而(er)更多(duo)地發揮出(chu)微(wei)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)技術優勢(shi)。

　　支撐(cheng)系統電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)與頻率(lv)(lv)。微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)孤島(dao)運行(xing)(xing)模式(shi)時，分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)存儲(chu)系統可作為(wei)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)主電(dian)(dian)(dian)源提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和頻率(lv)(lv)支持(chi)，發揮快速響應的(de)特點，實(shi)時平衡微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中的(de)功率(lv)(lv)波動，維持(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和頻率(lv)(lv)穩定。此外，分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)存儲(chu)系統還可以(yi)在微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)運行(xing)(xing)模式(shi)切換(huan)時提供暫態功率(lv)(lv)支撐(cheng)，盡可能(neng)減(jian)小(xiao)對用(yong)戶負荷的(de)沖擊(ji)。

　　2.4 在用戶側的應(ying)用

　　發揮不間斷(duan)電(dian)源(yuan)作用(yong)。分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)能存儲系(xi)統由(you)于具有快速響應(ying)能力，可以作為不間斷(duan)電(dian)源(yuan)（UPS），在停(ting)電(dian)時確保重要(yao)負荷供(gong)電(dian)，提高供(gong)電(dian)可靠性，這一模式(shi)(shi)已(yi)經(jing)獲得廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)。

　　實現需求側響(xiang)應(ying)。安裝在用(yong)(yong)戶側的分布式電能存儲系統(tong)，可用(yong)(yong)于(yu)參與需求側響(xiang)應(ying)，幫助用(yong)(yong)戶在不改(gai)變用(yong)(yong)電習慣(guan)的情況下進行錯峰(feng)用(yong)(yong)電，降低購電費用(yong)(yong)。對于(yu)電網(wang)而言，錯峰(feng)用(yong)(yong)電將會顯著(zhu)提高電網(wang)的資產利用(yong)(yong)率，延緩系統(tong)改(gai)擴建，具(ju)有多方面的經濟性。

　　改善電(dian)能質量(liang)(liang)。間歇性的(de)分布式電(dian)源和大量(liang)(liang)電(dian)力電(dian)子設備的(de)應用(yong)(yong)可能會造成高次諧波(bo)、電(dian)壓(ya)閃變、電(dian)壓(ya)跌(die)落等電(dian)能質量(liang)(liang)問題(ti)。在(zai)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側接入分布式電(dian)能存儲系(xi)統(tong)，能快速響應系(xi)統(tong)中各種(zhong)擾動，有效控制波(bo)形畸變率在(zai)較小的(de)范圍(wei)內，提高用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)電(dian)能質量(liang)(liang)。