所謂鋰(li)離(li)(li)子電(dian)池(chi)是指分別用二個能可逆地嵌(qian)入(ru)與(yu)脫嵌(qian)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子的(de)化合物作為(wei)(wei)正負(fu)極構成(cheng)的(de)二次電(dian)池(chi)。人們將這種靠(kao)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子在正負(fu)極之間的(de)轉(zhuan)移(yi)來(lai)完成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)充放電(dian)工作的(de)獨特機理的(de)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子電(dian)池(chi)形象地稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“搖椅式電(dian)池(chi)”，俗稱(cheng)(cheng)“鋰(li)電(dian)”。

　　鋰(li)離(li)子電池的內部結構如下圖所示：

　　電(dian)池(chi)由正極鋰化合物、中間的電(dian)解質膜及負極碳組成。

　　◎當電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)時(shi)，鋰離(li)子從正極中脫嵌，在負極中嵌入，放電(dian)時(shi)反之(zhi)。一(yi)般采用嵌鋰過渡金(jin)屬氧化(hua)物做正極，如(ru)LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4。

　　◎做為負極的(de)(de)材料則選擇電位盡可(ke)能(neng)接近鋰電位的(de)(de)可(ke)嵌入鋰化(hua)合物，如各種碳材料包括天(tian)然石(shi)墨、合成石(shi)墨、碳纖維、中間相(xiang)小球碳素等(deng)和金(jin)屬氧(yang)化(hua)物，包括SnO、SnO2、錫復合氧(yang)化(hua)物SnBxPyOz等(deng)。

　　◎電解(jie)質采用LiPF6的(de)乙(yi)烯碳酸脂(zhi)(zhi)（EC）、丙(bing)烯碳酸脂(zhi)(zhi)（PC）和低粘度二乙(yi)基碳酸脂(zhi)(zhi)（DEC）等烷基碳酸脂(zhi)(zhi)搭配的(de)高分(fen)子材料。

　　◎隔(ge)膜(mo)(mo)采用(yong)聚烯微多孔膜(mo)(mo)如PE、PP或它們復合膜(mo)(mo)，采用(yong)PP/PE/PP三層隔(ge)膜(mo)(mo)優(you)點是熔點較低(di)，具有較高(gao)的抗穿刺強度(du)，起到了過熱(re)保險作用(yong)。

　　◎外殼(ke)采用鋼或鋁材料，具有(you)防爆的(de)功能。

　　鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池的額定電(dian)(dian)壓為3.6V。電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)滿時的電(dian)(dian)壓（稱(cheng)為終(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓）一般為4.2V;鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池終(zhong)止(zhi)放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓為2.75V。如(ru)果鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)使用(yong)(yong)過(guo)程中電(dian)(dian)壓已降到2.75V后還繼(ji)續(xu)使用(yong)(yong)，則稱(cheng)為過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)池有損(sun)害(hai)。

    鋰電池充電原理：

　　鋰離子電池充電原理圖：

　　其中：Iconst：恒流(liu)充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu);

　　Ipre：預(yu)充電電流;

　　Ifull：充滿判斷電(dian)流;

　　Vconst：恒壓(ya)充電電壓(ya);=

　　Vmin：預充結束電(dian)壓及短路判斷電(dian)壓

　　鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池比較驕貴。如(ru)果不滿足其充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)(ji)使用要(yao)求，很容(rong)易(yi)出現爆(bao)炸，壽命下降等現象。因為鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池對(dui)溫度、過(guo)(guo)壓(ya)、過(guo)(guo)流及(ji)(ji)過(guo)(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)很敏感(gan)，所以所有的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部(bu)均(jun)集成(cheng)了熱(re)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻（監控充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)溫度）及(ji)(ji)防過(guo)(guo)壓(ya)、過(guo)(guo)流、過(guo)(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。

　　圖一為(wei)標準鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)原理曲(qu)線，鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過程分三個(ge)階段(duan)：預充(chong)(chong)電(dian)階段(duan);恒流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)階段(duan);恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)階段(duan)。

　　預充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于(yu)3V時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不能(neng)承受大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這時(shi)有必要(yao)以(yi)(yi)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong);當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達(da)到(dao)3V時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可以(yi)(yi)承受大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)。這時(shi)應以(yi)(yi)恒(heng)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)(yi)使(shi)鋰離(li)子(zi)快(kuai)速均勻轉移，這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)值越(yue)大，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)及壽(shou)命(ming)越(yue)有利;當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達(da)到(dao)4.2V時(shi)，達(da)到(dao)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)承受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)極限。這時(shi)應以(yi)(yi)4.2V的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐漸降低。當充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)小(xiao)于(yu)30mA時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)即充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)了(le)。這時(shi)要(yao)停止充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。否則，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)因過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)而降低壽(shou)命(ming)。恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)控(kong)制精度(du)為(wei)1%。依國(guo)家標(biao)準(zhun)，鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)要(yao)能(neng)在1C的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下，可以(yi)(yi)循(xun)環充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)500次(ci)以(yi)(yi)上。依一般的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使(shi)用三天(tian)一充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)命(ming)應在4年(nian)。

　　但用戶在使(shi)用電(dian)池的時候往(wang)往(wang)發現，原裝電(dian)池在使(shi)用1年，甚(shen)到半年左右的時間就報廢了，這是因為簡單的充(chong)電(dian)方式惹得(de)禍(huo)。下(xia)面(mian)將以(yi)最(zui)簡單的充(chong)電(dian)原理分析一下(xia)為什么(me)會對鋰電(dian)池有(you)損害：

　　當沒電的電池插在這種充電器上時，充電器即以(yi)最大(da)的電(dian)流(liu)為電(dian)池充電(dian)。如果(guo)在鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池最虛弱的低壓時（低于(yu)2.5V）就以(yi)大(da)電(dian)流(liu)沖擊，將會嚴重損(sun)害電(dian)池的壽命(ming)。

　　另(ling)外，這類的充電(dian)器均為直接市電(dian)220V接入，轉換為5V的低(di)壓直流。因為轉換效率(lv)低(di)下，會(hui)產生大(da)量(liang)(liang)的熱。熱量(liang)(liang)直接疊加在(zai)了電(dian)池上(shang)，使(shi)電(dian)池溫(wen)度過高，這對電(dian)池有很大(da)損害