淺談充電器的使用與選購
當你(ni)有(you)了充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池,就要(yao)開始為電(dian)池的(de)充(chong)電(dian)而(er)操心。由于各種原因,不(bu)是每個用(yong)戶都擁有(you)原廠(chang)提(ti)供的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器,出于價(jia)格等(deng)因素,相(xiang)當一部分(fen)用(yong)戶都會去選(xuan)購第三方(fang)提(ti)供的(de)兼容充(chong)電(dian)器。我(wo)們在市場中可(ke)以看(kan)到形形色(se)色(se)各種外(wai)型(xing)和(he)價(jia)格檔次以及品牌的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器。電(dian)池的(de)使用(yong)壽命和(he)單次循(xun)環(huan)使用(yong)時間與充(chong)電(dian)維護過程(cheng)和(he)使用(yong)情況(kuang)密(mi)切(qie)相(xiang)關。
一(yi)只好(hao)的(de)充電(dian)器(qi)不但能(neng)在(zai)短時間內將電(dian)池(chi)(chi)充足(zu),而且可(ke)以對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)還能(neng)起到一(yi)定(ding)的(de)維護(hu)作用,修復由于(yu)使(shi)用維護(hu)不當(dang)早(zao)成的(de)記憶效應(對鎳(nie)鎘/鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池(chi)(chi))和容量下降(jiang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)活性(xing)衰(shuai)退現象。一(yi)部(bu)劣質的(de)充電(dian)器(qi)輕則(ze)出現電(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)不足(zu),影響電(dian)池(chi)(chi)單次放電(dian)時間,重則(ze)對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)造成傷害,縮短電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)壽命。實際證明(ming),對于(yu)使(shi)用鎳(nie)鎘/鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)用戶(hu),一(yi)臺(tai)好(hao)的(de)充電(dian)器(qi)對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命和后期使(shi)用性(xing)能(neng)有很大的(de)關系。
充電器大致可以分為簡易充電器、專業充電器和智能維護型充電器,一(yi)般用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)接觸的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要是(shi)(shi)前面兩種(zhong)(zhong)。而市場(chang)上賣得最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)簡(jian)易(yi)(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi),簡(jian)易(yi)(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式也(ye)有多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)樣,常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)有價(jia)格便宜,結(jie)構簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小型的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi),結(jie)構就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)鐵芯(xin)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)加一(yi)個(ge)整流(liu)(liu)二(er)極(ji)管,還有一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)更(geng)(geng)簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)阻容(rong)降(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)后簡(jian)單(dan)整流(liu)(liu)輸出(chu)(chu).這種(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)本更(geng)(geng)低(di).這種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)優點(dian)是(shi)(shi)結(jie)構簡(jian)單(dan),不(bu)(bu)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)壞,缺點(dian)是(shi)(shi)沒有過(guo)流(liu)(liu),過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)保護.充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)自停,即(ji)使(shi)有指示燈變(bian)綠顯示充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)會有同樣大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)輸出(chu)(chu),容(rong)易(yi)(yi)損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi).另(ling)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)專業(ye)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi),充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)為(wei)0.2C2,即(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)I(A)=電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(Ah)×0.2.充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間在7-8小時(shi)左右。缺點(dian)是(shi)(shi)只能(neng)對固定容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。還有一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)智(zhi)能(neng)維(wei)護型的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi),這種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)單(dan)片機控制(zhi),充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范圍寬(kuan),一(yi)般可(ke)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)3.6V-12V的(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)意組(zu)(zu)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu),因為(wei)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)了專用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)芯(xin)片和業(ye)界公認較好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)-ΔV檢測(ce),所以可(ke)以準確的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢測(ce)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)飽和時(shi)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)化信號,比較精確地結(jie)束(shu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工作。鑒于目前用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)絕大(da)部分都(dou)是(shi)(shi)非專業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu),所以這種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)基本都(dou)具有充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿自停的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng);另(ling)一(yi)個(ge)功能(neng)是(shi)(shi)還能(neng)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)支電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)起到智(zhi)能(neng)修復的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)。比如“香山紅葉”牌的(de)(de)(de)(de)新型智(zhi)能(neng)鎳氫(qing)/鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。
目(mu)前(qian)市場(chang)上(shang)很多充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)都標榜自己(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)微(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦控(kong)制,包括一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)價(jia)格非常便宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)型(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),其實嚴格從充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上(shang)分(fen)析,很小(xiao)部分(fen)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)才能被真正意(yi)義上(shang)被成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)微(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦控(kong)制(單(dan)片機(ji)控(kong)制)。 一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)廠(chang)家在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)上(shang)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)集(ji)成(cheng)塊就自詡為(wei)(wei)"微(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦控(kong)制",其實很多低(di)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計所選用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)成(cheng)塊都是(shi)廉價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運放集(ji)成(cheng)塊,而(er)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)專用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制集(ji)成(cheng)塊單(dan)價(jia)較高,一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)比(bi)(bi)較高檔或名牌(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中。所以(yi)(yi)我們不(bu)能輕信所謂微(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦控(kong)制,尤其是(shi)廉價(jia)型(xing)產品。很多產品外觀(guan)類似(si)但(dan)內部線(xian)路(lu)卻大(da)(da)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,其性(xing)能也(ye)大(da)(da)不(bu)同。 雖(sui)說(shuo)(shuo)絕大(da)(da)部分(fen)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)都有充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿自停功能,但(dan)其實現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)不(bu)同導致其充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)不(bu)同。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa),所以(yi)(yi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿后如不(bu)及時(shi)(shi)停止會使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)燙(tang),過(guo)(guo)(guo)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)會嚴重損害電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命。一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)低(di)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)(bi)較法(fa)(fa),為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)防止過(guo)(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)(dao)90%就停止大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流快充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流涓(juan)流補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指示(shi)(shi)燈會亮起,如果(guo)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)此(ci)時(shi)(shi)急于(yu)(yu)(yu)取下(xia)(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),無疑電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)只(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)了(le)(le)90%,而(er)且由于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)(bi)較法(fa)(fa)存(cun)在(zai)離散性(xing),所以(yi)(yi)所謂充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)(dao)90%也(ye)只(zhi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個理論值,很難精確掌握。有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商家會私(si)下(xia)(xia)告訴用(yong)(yong)戶(hu),在(zai)當充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)顯示(shi)(shi)已(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)不(bu)要立即(ji)取下(xia)(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),最好再多放1-2小(xiao)時(shi)(shi),這樣效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)最好,其實就是(shi)基于(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)述充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)理論。有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廠(chang)家為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)得足(zu)(zu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie),擅自將參考比(bi)(bi)較電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值設定得比(bi)(bi)較高,這樣雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量大(da)(da)了(le)(le),用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間長一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie),但(dan)容易造成(cheng)過(guo)(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)有些(xie)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終了(le)(le)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)經常發(fa)(fa)燙(tang)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期明顯發(fa)(fa)燙(tang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)說(shuo)(shuo)明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)已(yi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong))。 充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)最為(wei)(wei)關鍵,優秀(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)帶下(xia)(xia)拉負脈充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi),可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中減小(xiao)極化效(xiao)(xiao)應。而(er)普通(tong)廉價(jia)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)則使(shi)用(yong)(yong)恒流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)形要靠示(shi)(shi)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)才能準確觀(guan)察(cha)。
選購充電器也要講究品牌,應該是正規廠家生產的商品。因為上面雖然介紹一些充電器的原理,但實際識別卻非常困難。即便是專業人士,在不打開充電器、不使用測試儀器的情況下,也很難從充電器外表準確判斷充電器的性能與質量。一些著名品牌的產品雖然價格會略高一些,但從線路設計到元件選用都比較正規科學,所以充電效果也比較理想。一般飛毛腿、世界通、勁牛、香山紅葉等品牌的產品比較有名。 在使用過程中我們也可以檢驗充電器的性能。在充電的后期電池有略微的溫升是正常現象,但如果電池明顯發燙,則說明充電器未能及時檢測到電池充電已飽和,造成過充,這對電池的壽命不利。很多充電器雖然(ran)沒(mei)有(you)過充現象(xiang),但存在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足的問題,直接表現為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間短。 還要注意(yi)一點:充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器嚴禁正(zheng)(zheng)負極接反(fan),必須正(zheng)(zheng)極接正(zheng)(zheng)極,負極接負極。如果接反(fan)有(you)可能造(zao)成短路或者爆炸,造(zao)成人身傷害(hai)。切(qie)記! 鑒于以(yi)上所述,希望充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)用戶(hu)盡(jin)量(liang)選用原裝配套充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器。