電動車電池(chi)隨著使用時間(jian)的(de)長短，自(zi)身硫化現象不可避免的(de)存在。很多消(xiao)費者不了解為什么電池(chi)用兩年就需要更換，是(shi)什么原(yuan)因造成了電動車電池(chi)報(bao)廢？

      與其(qi)它(ta)鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使用環境(jing)不(bu)同，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)失效(xiao)原因有其(qi)特(te)殊性。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)循環次數(shu)遠遠多后備電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

      例(li)如(ru)，原郵電部[1994]763號電信網(wang)維護規(gui)程的規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，每(mei)(mei)年(nian)應(ying)以實際負荷做(zuo)一(yi)次(ci)核(he)對性放電試(shi)驗，放出容量(liang)的30％～40％。每(mei)(mei)3年(nian)做(zuo)一(yi)次(ci)容量(liang)試(shi)驗，到使用6年(nian)以后，每(mei)(mei)年(nian)做(zuo)一(yi)次(ci)容量(liang)試(shi)驗。這樣(yang)，電信的電池(chi)如(ru)果(guo)不(bu)是(shi)頻繁的出現(xian)停電，電池(chi)很少(shao)處于放電狀態。假定(ding)(ding)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)遇(yu)到4次(ci)停電，這樣(yang)，在10年(nian)間電池(chi)放電也就是(shi)40次(ci)，所以電池(chi)的深(shen)循(xun)環(huan)壽命(ming)定(ding)(ding)為80次(ci)。同時，電信系統(tong)的電池(chi)放電深(shen)度也就是(shi)按照30％～40％。

      而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)依(yi)據標準，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命(ming)應該是(shi)按照70％標稱容量的(de)(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)要達到350次。這(zhe)(zhe)樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度和循環壽命(ming)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超(chao)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要求。另(ling)外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要求在8小時(shi)以內完(wan)成(cheng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣，不得不提高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)，超(chao)過(guo)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大量析氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓2.42V而(er)形成(cheng)了較塊(kuai)速度的(de)(de)(de)(de)失水。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)完(wan)全沒有這(zhe)(zhe)樣高的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

      同時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流很大(da)，就(jiu)是巡航(hang)期間的(de)(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流也(ye)(ye)接近(jin)于0.5C放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，啟動的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流會超(chao)過1C放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。這樣(yang)，也(ye)(ye)在(zai)影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)特性的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊(shu)要求，我們看到一些可以(yi)給核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站供(gong)應鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)也(ye)(ye)沒有步入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)供(gong)應商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行列。一些規模可觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)也(ye)(ye)逐步退出了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)供(gong)應商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行列。而給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車供(gong)貨的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)除(chu)了沈陽(yang)松下以(yi)外，就(jiu)沒有幾個成規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)。雖然沈陽(yang)松下供(gong)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)初期容(rong)量(liang)相對(dui)最低，按照行業標準(zhun)檢驗(yan)，其容(rong)量(liang)在(zai)合格與(yu)不合格之間，但是，其壽命相對(dui)比較長(chang)。

      這樣，電(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)使用的(de)電(dian)池的(de)性能要求與傳統的(de)密封電(dian)池不同，失效(xiao)模(mo)(mo)式與傳統的(de)電(dian)池失效(xiao)模(mo)(mo)式存在很大的(de)差異。出現(xian)了一些過去少(shao)見的(de)失效(xiao)模(mo)(mo)式和失效(xiao)比例(li)。

      一個主要的(de)(de)區別是(shi)(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率的(de)(de)差異。普通的(de)(de)閥控密封式鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率多數是(shi)(shi)以10小(xiao)時(shi)率或者(zhe)20小(xiao)時(shi)率來制定(ding)的(de)(de)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)都是(shi)(shi)以2小(xiao)時(shi)率或者(zhe)3小(xiao)時(shi)率來制定(ding)的(de)(de)，這與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)實(shi)際使用情況大體(ti)相當。所以，在供應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)初期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量是(shi)(shi)最大的(de)(de)問題(ti)。為了(le)提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容量，各(ge)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制造商采取(qu)了(le)多種方法。

以(yi)大量使用的(de)10Ah電池為例，最典(dian)型的(de)方法(fa)如下(xia)：

      1、 增加極板數量

      把原設計的單格5片(pian)(pian)6片(pian)(pian)改(gai)為6片(pian)(pian)7片(pian)(pian)，7片(pian)(pian)8片(pian)(pian)，甚至8片(pian)(pian)9片(pian)(pian)。靠減薄極(ji)板(ban)厚度和隔(ge)板(ban)，增加(jia)極(ji)板(ban)數量(liang)來提高(gao)電池容量(liang)。

      2、 提高電池的硫酸比重

      原來浮(fu)充(chong)電池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)酸比(bi)重一(yi)般(ban)都(dou)(dou)在1.21~1.28之間，而電動自(zi)行(xing)車的(de)電池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)酸比(bi)重一(yi)般(ban)都(dou)(dou)在1.36～1.38左右(you)。只有極(ji)少(shao)數的(de)采(cai)用1.32的(de)比(bi)重。

      3、 增(zeng)加正極(ji)板活性物質(zhi)用量

      4、 低溫固化，增加β氧化鉛的比例

      一(yi)般(ban)密封(feng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)為了(le)(le)實現氧循環(huan)(huan)，都要(yao)求做好負極過度。增加正極板活性物質用量(liang)，可(ke)以提高電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容量(liang)，是(shi)以降低氧循環(huan)(huan)為代價(jia)的(de)。通過這(zhe)些(xie)主要(yao)措施(shi)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)初(chu)期(qi)容量(liang)滿足了(le)(le)電(dian)動自行(xing)車的(de)容量(liang)要(yao)求，特(te)別是(shi)改善了(le)(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)大電(dian)流放(fang)(fang)電(dian)的(de)特(te)性，延長了(le)(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)大電(dian)流放(fang)(fang)電(dian)的(de)壽命。但是(shi)，這(zhe)些(xie)措施(shi)也制(zhi)約著(zhu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命。

      一(yi)、電池失水問題

      產生電池失水的一些原因主要(yao)如下(xia)：

      1、為(wei)了(le)(le)滿(man)(man)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在8小(xiao)時以內充(chong)(chong)滿(man)(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以在三段(duan)(duan)式恒壓(ya)(ya)限流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中，不(bu)得不(bu)通過(guo)恒壓(ya)(ya)值，達到折合單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)2.47V～2.49V。這(zhe)(zhe)樣，大(da)大(da)超(chao)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正極(ji)(ji)板析氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)2.35V和負極(ji)(ji)板析氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)2.42V。一些充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器制造商的(de)產品為(wei)了(le)(le)降低充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)的(de)指示，提(ti)高了(le)(le)恒壓(ya)(ya)轉浮充(chong)(chong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，而(er)使得充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指示充(chong)(chong)滿(man)(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后，還(huan)沒(mei)有充(chong)(chong)滿(man)(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就靠提(ti)高浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)來(lai)彌補(bu)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣，很多(duo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)超(chao)過(guo)單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)2.35V，這(zhe)(zhe)樣在浮充(chong)(chong)階段(duan)(duan)還(huan)在大(da)量析氧(yang)。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)氧(yang)循環又不(bu)好(hao)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣在浮充(chong)(chong)階段(duan)(duan)也在不(bu)斷(duan)的(de)排氣。

      2、一(yi)些電(dian)池制造商沒(mei)有找到(dao)好(hao)的板(ban)柵(zha)合金，仍然采用低銻合金，這樣，比鉛鈣系列的板(ban)柵(zha)合金析氣電(dian)位低，電(dian)池出氣量大，失(shi)水(shui)相對嚴重。

      3、增加極(ji)板(ban)和(he)增加正極(ji)板(ban)活性物(wu)質用(yong)量以后，負極(ji)過(guo)渡不(bu)足，氧循(xun)環下降，充電過(guo)程中(zhong)正極(ji)板(ban)的氧氣(qi)來不(bu)及被(bei)負極(ji)板(ban)吸收，而產生失水。

      4、一些電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)開閥壓(ya)偏低(di)(di)，容(rong)易排氣，同時電(dian)池(chi)內部的(de)(de)氧分壓(ya)低(di)(di)，降(jiang)低(di)(di)了氧循環能(neng)力，增加了析氣量。

      5、由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)對(dui)高(gao)了很多，所以(yi)(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)也相(xiang)對(dui)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)(yi)后到第二天充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)(yi)前(qian)，硫酸(suan)(suan)比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)明顯。這(zhe)樣，更(geng)加(jia)降低(di)了負極板氧循環的(de)(de)(de)能力(li)。而失(shi)水以(yi)(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，失(shi)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)主要是(shi)水，留下了硫酸(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)分(fen)，相(xiang)當于進一步提高(gao)了硫酸(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，這(zhe)樣就使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)更(geng)加(jia)容易硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)。所以(yi)(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)加(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)了失(shi)水，失(shi)水又加(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)了硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)。

      為了(le)克服(fu)(fu)電池的(de)(de)失(shi)水，一些(xie)電池制造商采取(qu)了(le)不(bu)少措施。在(zai)板柵(zha)合(he)(he)金(jin)方面，一些(xie)電池制造商采用(yong)了(le)多種方式(shi)，去掉了(le)低銻(ti)合(he)(he)金(jin)而采用(yong)鉛鈣(gai)錫鋁(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)。提高了(le)電池析氣電壓。同時，緩解了(le)鉛鈣(gai)合(he)(he)金(jin)的(de)(de)析鈣(gai)問題，克服(fu)(fu)了(le)鉛鈣(gai)合(he)(he)金(jin)的(de)(de)早期容量(liang)損失(shi)的(de)(de)意外容量(liang)下(xia)降。同時，還要解決大電流放電特性下(xia)降的(de)(de)問題。

      令人遺憾(han)的(de)是(shi)，山東某電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商(shang)采用軍(jun)工技術(shu)，做出(chu)了(le)(le)銅網電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，試驗結(jie)(jie)果(guo)證明，其(qi)各項參數都非常優秀，但(dan)是(shi)，可(ke)能因為(wei)成本問題，沒(mei)有見到他們大批量生(sheng)產(chan)和推廣。一些電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商(shang)改進了(le)(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)塑料模具(ju)的(de)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)尺寸，增加了(le)(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)開閥壓(ya)，降(jiang)(jiang)低了(le)(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)開閥壓(ya)的(de)離散性，改善(shan)了(le)(le)氧(yang)循(xun)環。最重要的(de)一個(ge)進步(bu)就是(shi)采用抗失(shi)(shi)水的(de)膠體電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)，大大的(de)改善(shan)了(le)(le)氧(yang)循(xun)環。同時，也出(chu)現了(le)(le)膠體電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)易(yi)熱(re)失(shi)(shi)控的(de)故障(zhang)。為(wei)了(le)(le)緩解電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)失(shi)(shi)水和熱(re)失(shi)(shi)控，一些電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商(shang)要求充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)制(zhi)造商(shang)降(jiang)(jiang)低恒壓(ya)值。但(dan)是(shi)，簡單的(de)降(jiang)(jiang)低恒壓(ya)值，沒(mei)有降(jiang)(jiang)低恒壓(ya)轉浮充(chong)的(de)電(dian)流，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)難(nan)免(mian)發生(sheng)欠充(chong)電(dian)累積，形成電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量下降(jiang)(jiang)。

      有創(chuang)意(yi)的是一些電池(chi)(chi)制造商面(mian)臨(lin)著電池(chi)(chi)失水，采取了一些措(cuo)施，在全國設立了補(bu)水站，電池(chi)(chi)也為補(bu)水改(gai)進了結構。利(li)用修(xiu)舊(jiu)利(li)舊(jiu)，使平(ping)均8個月的電池(chi)(chi)壽命(ming)延長到平(ping)均13個月。

      為(wei)了(le)改(gai)善膠體(ti)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)熱失控，最近(jin)市場上(shang)開始見到(dao)一(yi)(yi)些“半膠體(ti)電(dian)池(chi)”，就是在灌酸的(de)后(hou)期，在電(dian)池(chi)上(shang)面再增加(jia)(jia)膠體(ti)。這(zhe)樣，相當于給普通(tong)的(de)AGM隔板電(dian)池(chi)增加(jia)(jia)了(le)一(yi)(yi)層彈性的(de)氣(qi)(qi)密(mi)隔離(li)，增加(jia)(jia)了(le)隔板之間(jian)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)壓(ya)力(li)，改(gai)善了(le)氧(yang)(yang)循環。同(tong)時，比(bi)膠體(ti)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)局(ju)部壓(ya)力(li)小(xiao)，平均壓(ya)力(li)不小(xiao)。這(zhe)樣克服了(le)局(ju)部高氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya)，緩(huan)解了(le)氧(yang)(yang)循環產生局(ju)部高熱。

      其(qi)結果是：氧循(xun)環好于普通(tong)AGM隔板電(dian)池(chi)，熱(re)失控低(di)于膠體電(dian)池(chi)，而材料成(cheng)本也低(di)于膠體電(dian)池(chi)。

      二(er)、電池硫化問題

      在(zai)(zai)解剖失效電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中，單純硫(liu)化失效的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不(bu)是很(hen)多，但(dan)是，幾乎所有的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)都不(bu)同程(cheng)度的(de)存在(zai)(zai)著硫(liu)化。一些電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)做(zuo)70%的(de)1C充電(dian)(dian)和60％的(de)2C放(fang)電(dian)(dian)中，由(you)于采用連續大電(dian)(dian)流循環，破壞了電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)生成大硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)結(jie)晶的(de)條件，所以可能(neng)看(kan)不(bu)到(dao)硫(liu)化對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)破壞。如果(guo)試(shi)驗中途停頓，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)硫(liu)化的(de)問題就會顯現。

      由于電(dian)池重(zhong)量大，一些用戶經(jing)常采取電(dian)池經(jing)過多次使用放完(wan)電(dian)才再次充電(dian)，這樣電(dian)池放電(dian)以后沒(mei)有及(ji)時(shi)充電(dian)，電(dian)池的(de)(de)硫化(hua)就比較嚴重(zhong)。另外，電(dian)池的(de)(de)硫酸比重(zhong)比較高(gao)，也是硫化(hua)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要因(yin)素(su)。而電(dian)池的(de)(de)硫化(hua)，破(po)壞了(le)負極板氧(yang)循環的(de)(de)能力(li)，形成更加容(rong)易(yi)失水。這樣，電(dian)池的(de)(de)硫酸比重(zhong)更加高(gao)，導致(zhi)更加容(rong)易(yi)硫化(hua)。

      所以，電池硫化(hua)的程度可(ke)能不同，但是對電池的壽命(ming)影響也(ye)是不可(ke)忽(hu)略的。

      三、漏酸(suan)問題

      在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)密封和排氣(qi)(qi)閥沒有(you)問題的時(shi)候(hou)，也會出(chu)現(xian)漏液。很(hen)多(duo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)灌酸以后，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)處于(yu)富液狀(zhuang)態(tai)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)沒有(you)氧(yang)循環。靠電(dian)(dian)池(chi)處于(yu)開口狀(zhuang)態(tai)的三(san)充二放把(ba)多(duo)于(yu)的電(dian)(dian)解液排出(chu)。硫酸比重(zhong)再次提(ti)高。在(zai)(zai)蓋排氣(qi)(qi)閥的時(shi)候(hou)，電(dian)(dian)解液沒有(you)吸(xi)光(guang)，還存在(zai)(zai)游(you)離(li)酸。即時(shi)把(ba)游(you)離(li)酸吸(xi)光(guang)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)還是處在(zai)(zai)“準(zhun)貧液”狀(zhuang)態(tai)。

      隔(ge)板中的(de)(de)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)相對(dui)要多(duo)一些(xie)。而(er)隔(ge)板中稍多(duo)的(de)(de)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)影(ying)響氧循(xun)環，這樣，對(dui)新電(dian)池進行充(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)時候，排氣(qi)(qi)量比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，代(dai)出的(de)(de)硫酸比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)。形(xing)成“漏酸”。而(er)膠(jiao)體電(dian)池前50～100個循(xun)環，電(dian)池處于富液(ye)到貧液(ye)的(de)(de)轉換(huan)期，排氣(qi)(qi)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)嚴(yan)重(zhong)，排氣(qi)(qi)代(dai)出膠(jiao)體微粒形(xing)成了“漏酸”。

      四、正極板軟化問題

      正極板活性物質的有效成(cheng)分是氧(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)，氧(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)分α－PbO2和β－PbO2，其中，α－PbO2是活性物質的骨(gu)架(jia)，容量比較小；β－PbO2依附(fu)α－PbO2構成(cheng)的骨(gu)架(jia)上面，其荷電能力(li)比α－PbO2強很多。

      氧化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)放電(dian)(dian)放電(dian)(dian)以后(hou)輸出(chu)硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)，充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)生產氧化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)。而(er)(er)充電(dian)(dian)的(de)時(shi)候，在強酸(suan)(suan)(suan)環境中(zhong)只能夠生成(cheng)β－PbO2。所以電(dian)(dian)池(chi)深放電(dian)(dian)以后(hou)，一旦(dan)具(ju)有骨架(jia)作用(yong)的(de)α－PbO2參與放電(dian)(dian)生成(cheng)硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)以后(hou)，就再也不能夠恢(hui)復成(cheng)為α－PbO2，而(er)(er)充電(dian)(dian)只能生成(cheng)β－PbO2。正(zheng)極(ji)板軟(ruan)化(hua)就出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了。正(zheng)極(ji)板一旦(dan)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)軟(ruan)化(hua)，起到支持作用(yong)的(de)多孔(kong)結(jie)構被破壞了，正(zheng)極(ji)板的(de)多孔(kong)被電(dian)(dian)池(chi)極(ji)板的(de)壓(ya)力(li)壓(ya)實了，就降低了參與反應的(de)真實面(mian)積，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量就下降了。

      這樣，防止過放(fang)電就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)控(kong)制正(zheng)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)軟(ruan)化的重(zhong)要措施。而這個靠(kao)的是(shi)控(kong)制器的欠壓(ya)保(bao)護。如(ru)果(guo)欠壓(ya)保(bao)護電壓(ya)過低，電池就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)出現過放(fang)電，一些α－PbO2參(can)與(yu)放(fang)電，就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)出現正(zheng)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)軟(ruan)化。

      放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)的(de)(de)時候，如果連續(xu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)大，深(shen)層(ceng)的(de)(de)β－PbO2來(lai)不及(ji)參與放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)反(fan)應，外層(ceng)的(de)(de)α－PbO2就要參與放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)反(fan)應，這樣，也(ye)會(hui)形(xing)成正極(ji)板軟化。所(suo)以控制(zhi)器中的(de)(de)限流參數也(ye)浮充重要。電(dian)摩的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流相對(dui)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)大，差不多在1C左(zuo)右放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)，加(jia)上放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)深(shen)度相對(dui)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)深(shen)，所(suo)以非常(chang)容易(yi)產生正極(ji)板軟化。

      每次放電(dian)，或多或少(shao)的(de)總(zong)要有(you)一點點α－PbO2參與反(fan)應。所(suo)以(yi)，一個正常使用(yong)的(de)電(dian)池，在(zai)不失水也不硫化，也沒有(you)過放電(dian)的(de)情況下，電(dian)池的(de)壽命就取決于正極板軟化。

      五、電(dian)池均衡問題

      電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)均衡主(zhu)要有(you)2中(zhong)表現形式，其一是(shi)某單只電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量低(di)(di)，其二是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量低(di)(di)。第(di)二種情況是(shi)說該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的容量并不(bu)抵(di)，但是(shi)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)沒有(you)充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

      第(di)一種情(qing)況(kuang)是(shi)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，提前反(fan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降(jiang)的(de)(de)快，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時(shi)候電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上升也快。第(di)二種情(qing)況(kuang)是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)都低。

      其縮短電池壽命的原因(yin)如下：

      1、充電(dian)時電(dian)壓高的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)會(hui)增(zeng)加失(shi)水，電(dian)壓低的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)會(hui)欠(qian)充電(dian)；

      2、放電(dian)的時(shi)候，電(dian)壓(ya)低(di)的會出現過放電(dian)，形成(cheng)電(dian)池正(zheng)極板軟化。

      這(zhe)樣，容量低(di)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)每次(ci)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時(shi)候放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)比其(qi)他(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)深(shen)度(du)深(shen)，所以正極板軟化的(de)(de)快。二(er)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高的(de)(de)失(shi)水(shui)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)的(de)(de)欠充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。如果一只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)少，就存在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)少，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)的(de)(de)問(wen)題。這(zhe)樣該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就會同時(shi)產生正極板軟化荷(he)硫化的(de)(de)問(wen)題。

      產(chan)生電池(chi)不均衡的原(yuan)因(yin)如下(xia)：

      1、對串連電(dian)池組(zu)的組(zu)配(pei)不(bu)好，存在著(zhu)容量差和(he)開路(lu)電(dian)壓差，這(zhe)是(shi)原始就有誤差的問(wen)題；

      2、電(dian)池(chi)開閥(fa)壓有(you)差別，失(shi)水不(bu)同，形成后(hou)天電(dian)池(chi)的容量差；

      3、電池的自放電不同，逐步形成荷電容(rong)量的差異(yi)；

      4、失水不同(tong)，形成(cheng)電池(chi)實際的硫酸比重不同(tong)，形成(cheng)開路電壓差(cha)；

      5、電(dian)(dian)池壽命差，在后期反應一只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池容量下降，影響其他電(dian)(dian)池的正常狀態。

      要(yao)改(gai)進電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)不均(jun)衡(heng)問題，首先就要(yao)改(gai)善(shan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)期間的(de)工藝一致性問題。這也是國內多數電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)商的(de)主要(yao)問題。例如，最好的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)商的(de)板柵是采用(yong)壓(ya)鑄的(de)，而國內相當多的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)商連鑄板機(ji)都(dou)沒有，還是手工澆鑄。

      六、是熱失控

      密封電(dian)池(chi)的(de)最基(ji)本原理之一(yi)就是正極板(ban)(ban)析氧(yang)以(yi)后，氧(yang)氣直接到(dao)負極板(ban)(ban)，被(bei)負極板(ban)(ban)吸收而還原為水，考(kao)核電(dian)池(chi)這個技術指(zhi)標(biao)的(de)參(can)數叫做(zuo)“密封反(fan)應效率(lv)”，這種現象叫做(zuo)“氧(yang)循環(huan)”。這樣，電(dian)池(chi)的(de)失(shi)水很少(shao)，實現了“免維護”，就是免加水。為此，都(dou)要(yao)求負極板(ban)(ban)容量做(zuo)的(de)比正極板(ban)(ban)容量大一(yi)些，叫做(zuo)負極過渡。

      電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)達到70％以后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的極化電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓相對比較高(gao)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的副反應開始逐(zhu)步增(zeng)加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)水開始了。

      在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)單(dan)格(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達(da)到2.35V以后，首先正(zheng)極板析(xi)(xi)氧，在達(da)到2.42V以后，負(fu)極板開始析(xi)(xi)氫。這時候充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)變為(wei)化學能減少(shao)，轉(zhuan)變為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解水的(de)(de)能量增加。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)是否析(xi)(xi)氣取決于(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，析(xi)(xi)氣量取決于(yu)達(da)到析(xi)(xi)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以后的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。

      所(suo)以，在(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)在(zai)(zai)進入(ru)恒壓(ya)(ya)以后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)開始接近于(yu)最高，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流也(ye)保持限流值。這時候析(xi)氣(qi)量最大(da)。在(zai)(zai)進入(ru)恒壓(ya)(ya)以后(hou)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流應該(gai)逐步下(xia)降(jiang)，析(xi)氣(qi)量也(ye)應該(gai)逐步下(xia)降(jiang)。

      充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)本身是放(fang)熱(re)(re)(re)反(fan)應，一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)設計是可以(yi)控制溫升的(de)(de)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)大(da)量析氣(qi)以(yi)后(hou)，氧氣(qi)在負(fu)極板復合為水，發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)量遠(yuan)遠(yuan)大(da)于充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)。密封(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)希望負(fu)極板具有(you)良好的(de)(de)氧循環(huan)能力(li)，但是，氧循環(huan)也會(hui)(hui)(hui)產生發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)。所以(yi)，氧循環(huan)是一(yi)把雙(shuang)刃劍，好處是減少了(le)(le)(le)水損失，壞處是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)，在恒壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)條件下(xia)，氧循環(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)也參與了(le)(le)(le)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，所以(yi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下(xia)降速率(lv)下(xia)降。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)，會(hui)(hui)(hui)引起充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下(xia)降速率(lv)降低，甚至會(hui)(hui)(hui)引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)反(fan)升。而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)作用下(xia)，一(yi)旦(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)反(fan)升，又增加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)。這樣，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)一(yi)直會(hui)(hui)(hui)上升到限流(liu)(liu)值。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)高(gao)熱(re)(re)(re)，并且積累熱(re)(re)(re)，一(yi)直到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)外殼發(fa)(fa)生熱(re)(re)(re)軟化變形。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)變形時，內部氣(qi)壓高(gao)，所以(yi)呈現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)時鼓(gu)脹(zhang)的(de)(de)。這就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)熱(re)(re)(re)失控而損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)旦(dan)出(chu)現(xian)嚴重(zhong)鼓(gu)脹(zhang)，漏酸和漏氣(qi)的(de)(de)問題也出(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)出(chu)現(xian)急(ji)性失效。

      誘發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)鼓(gu)脹的(de)原因有很多。如果充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)，析氣量大，會(hui)產生熱失(shi)控。如果某一組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)或者某一個單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)(fa)生嚴重落后，而充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)恒(heng)壓值(zhi)不(bu)變，其他的(de)單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也(ye)會(hui)出現充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓相對過高(gao)，也(ye)會(hui)產生熱失(shi)控問題(ti)。

      七、電池異常故障

      為了增加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容(rong)量，目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)隔板(ban)(ban)(ban)相對比其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)隔板(ban)(ban)(ban)薄(bo)一(yi)(yi)些，負極板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)結晶長大，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后(hou)出現(xian)少量硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)遺留在(zai)隔板(ban)(ban)(ban)中(zhong)，遺留在(zai)隔板(ban)(ban)(ban)中(zhong)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)旦被還原稱為鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)，積累多了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就會出現(xian)微短路(lu)。這種現(xian)象叫做“鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)枝搭(da)橋”。產生這種微短路(lu)，輕(qing)的(de)(de)產生該單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓落(luo)后(hou)，嚴重的(de)(de)時候會出現(xian)單(dan)格短路(lu)。這種現(xian)象不僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)出現(xian)在(zai)膠體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)，在(zai)普通的(de)(de)AGM電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)也會出現(xian)。一(yi)(yi)旦出現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)單(dan)格嚴重落(luo)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還很(hen)容(rong)易出現(xian)熱失控現(xian)象。

      還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)就是(shi)極(ji)群組裝虛(xu)焊(han)問題。容易(yi)產生虛(xu)焊(han)的(de)(de)地方是(shi)極(ji)板。而(er)(er)每個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)單格(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)15片極(ji)板，就是(shi)15個(ge)焊(han)點，一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)6個(ge)單格(ge)，就有(you)(you)(you)(you)90個(ge)焊(han)點，一(yi)組電(dian)池(chi)(chi)由4個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組成(cheng)，就要360個(ge)焊(han)點。如(ru)果(guo)一(yi)個(ge)焊(han)點存在虛(xu)焊(han)，該單格(ge)容量就下(xia)降，進而(er)(er)該單格(ge)形成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)落后，形成(cheng)整個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)都落后，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)就會(hui)形成(cheng)嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)不(bu)均衡。就會(hui)使改(gai)組電(dian)池(chi)(chi)提前失(shi)效。如(ru)果(guo)虛(xu)焊(han)率(lv)達到萬分之一(yi)，平(ping)均每37組電(dian)池(chi)(chi)就有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)組電(dian)池(chi)(chi)存在這虛(xu)焊(han)，這是(shi)絕對不(bu)能夠允許(xu)的(de)(de)。而(er)(er)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合金的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，在焊(han)接(jie)的(de)(de)時(shi)候會(hui)析出鈣(gai)而(er)(er)掩蓋虛(xu)焊(han)問題，這樣，很多電(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商寧愿還(huan)采(cai)用(yong)低銻(ti)合金的(de)(de)板柵而(er)(er)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)采(cai)用(yong)簡單的(de)(de)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合金。