充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)應小于或等(deng)于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可(ke)接(jie)收充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。否(fou)則，過(guo)(guo)剩的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液過(guo)(guo)快地(di)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)掉，產(chan)(chan)生以下(xia)危(wei)害(hai)：加 大(da)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)失(shi)水(shui)率(lv)，增加維(wei)護工作量(liang)，對于免維(wei)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，會造成(cheng)(cheng)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)早期失(shi)效；產(chan)(chan)生酸霧，造成(cheng)(cheng)環境污染，危(wei)害(hai)工人身體健(jian)康(kang)；使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)降低，造成(cheng)(cheng)能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)嚴重浪費。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，是(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應的(de)逆反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，如果充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)在理想的(de)狀態(tai)(tai)下(xia)進行，這個過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)應該是(shi)互為逆反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應，即充(chong)(chong)(chong)入(ru)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)與放(fang)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)應基本相等(deng)。但在嚴重析氣(qi)的(de)狀態(tai)(tai)下(xia)，有效充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)達(da)不(bu)到(dao)總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)40%，即浪費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)60%以上。氣(qi)體的(de)產(chan)(chan)生聚集在蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池多孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)內(nei)部，減少了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質與多孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)接(jie)觸面(mian)積(ji)，即充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應界面(mian)大(da)幅(fu)度減小，使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應速度降低，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)十分困難，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間延(yan)長。

     嚴重的(de)析氣會損(sun)害蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池：①大量氣體的(de)產(chan)生(sheng)對(dui)極板(ban)活(huo)(huo)性物有沖刷作用(yong)，使(shi)活(huo)(huo)性物質(zhi)容易松軟和(he)脫落。②在較高(gao)的(de)極化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)，正極板(ban)的(de)板(ban)柵會產(chan)生(sheng)嚴重腐蝕，生(sheng)成Pb02，這種(zhong)(zhong)腐蝕物與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學生(sheng)存的(de)Pb02是完全不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)，是一種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可逆(ni)的(de)氧化(hua)物，導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較差，并(bing)使(shi)板(ban)柵變形，脆裂，失去骨架(jia)和(he)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作用(yong)。因此在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時應盡可能防止過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。長期(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足，未反應的(de)活(huo)(huo)性物質(zhi)會產(chan)生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可逆(ni)的(de)高(gao)陽(yang)性的(de)大顆粒(li)PbS04晶粒(li)(即不(bu)(bu)(bu)可逆(ni)硫酸鹽化(hua))使(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量下(xia)降，內阻加大，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)難度加大，造(zao)成蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池早期(qi)損(sun)壞。

    蓄電池要盡量保證充足電，防止不可逆硫酸鹽化。蓄電池充電深度對循環壽命影響很大，基本呈指數變化。這是由于正極活性物為Pb02，其結合牢度不高，放電時轉化成PbS04充電時又轉化成PbO2，而PbSO4的體積遠比PbO2體積大(其體積之比約為2：1)。因此，對正極板而言，活性物將會膨脹收縮反復進行，使其粒子之間的連接逐漸脫落，使蓄電池活性物失去放電特性成為“陽極泥”，使蓄電池性能下降，直至壽命終止。放電深度越深，膨脹收縮量越大，對活性物結合力破壞越大，壽命越短；反之則循環壽命越長。從理論上講蓄電池使用時應盡量避免深放電，應做到淺放勤充，前提是有特別匹配的充電器與之匹配。但是實際使用中，由于蓄電池充電受蓄電池充電器性能和蓄電池本身的離散及充電習慣及充電速度影響，充電器的電(dian)壓均比較高，或多或少都存在過充電(dian)。

    特別是充電多數在夜間進行，時間一般在6-10小時，平均8小時左右，若是淺放電，其充電很快就會到達末期，這時充電效率變低，會產生過充電。過充電時間比較長，加上頻繁充電，就會使蓄電池壽命因充電受到較大影響。最理想的充電要求根據實際情況而定，要參考平時運行頻率、里程情況、蓄電池廠提供的說明，以及配套的電池充電器性(xing)能等參數制(zhi)定充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻次。按(an)絕大多(duo)數用(yong)戶的(de)(de)(de)情況，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池以放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)為50%-70%時充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最(zui)佳(jia)，這樣可使蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命達到最(zui)佳(jia)效果。實際(ji)使用(yong)時可折算成騎行(xing)里(li)程，在需要時充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。溫(wen)度(du)對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)影響蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在高溫(wen)季節運行(xing)，主要存在過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)度(du)增高時，各活(huo)性(xing)物質的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)度(du)增加，正極析氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位一(yi)下降(jiang)(jiang)，負極析氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位也下降(jiang)(jiang)(負值下降(jiang)(jiang))，因此(ci)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應速(su)度(du)快(kuai)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時需要的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓較低。

    蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時(shi)(shi)內(nei)阻(zu)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液濃(nong)(nong)度非常稀薄，特別是(shi)極板孔(kong)內(nei)及表面(mian)幾乎處于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)性(xing)，過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)內(nei)阻(zu)有發(fa)熱傾向，體積膨(peng)脹，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流較(jiao)大(da)(da)時(shi)(shi)，明顯發(fa)熱(甚(shen)至出(chu)現發(fa)熱變形)，這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)硫(liu)酸鉛濃(nong)(nong)度特別大(da)(da)，存在枝晶體短路的可(ke)能性(xing)增大(da)(da)，況且此時(shi)(shi)硫(liu)酸鉛會結晶成較(jiao)大(da)(da)顆粒，即(ji)形成不(bu)(bu)可(ke)逆(ni)硫(liu)酸鹽化(hua)，將進(jin)一(yi)步增大(da)(da)內(nei)阻(zu)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)恢復能力(li)很差，甚(shen)至無(wu)法修復。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用時(shi)(shi)應防止過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，采(cai)取“欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)(hu)”是(shi)很有效(xiao)的措施。另外(wai)，由(you)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)“欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)(hu)”是(shi)由(you)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的，但(dan)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器以外(wai)的其他一(yi)些設備如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表、指示燈(deng)等耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是(shi)由(you)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直接供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的供(gong)(gong)給一(yi)般(ban)不(bu)(bu)受控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)鎖(suo)(開關)一(yi)旦合上就開始用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。雖然電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流小(xiao)，但(dan)若長(chang)時(shi)(shi)間放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(1-2周)就會出(chu)現過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此，不(bu)(bu)得長(chang)時(shi)(shi)間開鎖(suo)，不(bu)(bu)用時(shi)(shi)應立即(ji)關掉(diao)。前面(mian)已經對過(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)行了(le)闡述，過(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會加大(da)(da)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的水損(sun)失，會加速(su)板柵(zha)腐蝕，活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)軟(ruan)化(hua)，會增加蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)變形的幾率(lv)。