各種移動設備的飛速發展，也加快了充電電池的發展，為了滿足現今移動設備的需要，充電電池的容量也越來越大，其中鎳氫充電電池是大容量電池的主要品種，在電力電子、交通以及通信領域有了較多的應用，在很多智能儀器儀表中，鎳氫電池常用來作為備用電池，充電器是充電電池的必備品，這篇文章就來講述一種基于分立元件構成的電池自動恒流充電電路，著重講述了充電電路的(de)組成、結構特點、工作(zuo)原理及電路的(de)調(diao)節。

1 電路總(zong)體設計思路

簡易電(dian)(dian)池自動恒(heng)流充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路的總體(ti)框圖如圖1所示(shi)。它是由變(bian)壓器整(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)路、恒(heng)流產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)路、自動斷電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路、顯示(shi)電(dian)(dian)路和(he)電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)路5部(bu)分構成(cheng)。

變壓(ya)(ya)器整流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)是(shi)將(jiang)公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中的(de)(de)(de)220V交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換為合適的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)信號，從而(er)為后續電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)提供(gong)信號。恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)是(shi)利(li)用晶體(ti)管電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)源為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)產生恒(heng)定的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。自(zi)動(dong)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)是(shi)利(li)用三極管飽(bao)和導通(tong)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)特(te)性，從而(er)實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)能(neng)夠(gou)自(zi)動(dong)切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。顯示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)是(shi)利(li)用發光二極管將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開始充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和結束(shu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態顯示出來。穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)是(shi)為上(shang)述所(suo)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)提供(gong)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。

1.1 變(bian)壓器整(zheng)流電路及電源電路的設計(ji)

變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和穩壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(如圖(tu)2虛線(xian)左邊(bian)(bian)所示(shi))，其(qi)主要由變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)、二(er)極管橋式電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)構成。其(qi)中(zhong)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)采用(yong)常規的(de)鐵心(xin)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)，并將公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)的(de)220 V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)為12 V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，再通過(guo)二(er)極管橋式電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)進(jin)行(xing)整流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)C1濾波(bo)。整流(liu)信號由VC1引(yin)出。在(zai)此(ci)基礎(chu)上再接三端穩壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)CW7812及電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)C3、C4(如圖(tu)2虛線(xian)右邊(bian)(bian)所示(shi))，這(zhe)樣(yang)整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)就構成穩壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。由B點提供+12 V的(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

1.2 恒流電路的設(she)計(ji)

如圖(tu)3所示(shi)，由穩壓管VZ1、晶體(ti)管VT1、電阻(zu)R1、電容C2構成的晶體(ti)管電流(liu)源提供恒定電流(liu)，

取穩(wen)壓(ya)管電壓(ya)為(wei)5 V，R1為(wei)51 Ω，此時(shi)IC≈1OO mA，作為(wei)電路的充(chong)電電流(liu)。

1.3 自(zi)動充電檢測電路(lu)和指示電路(lu)的設(she)計

如(ru)圖(tu)4電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)所示，自動(dong)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)是由(you)三極管VT2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)跟隨器(qi)(qi)A1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)比(bi)較(jiao)器(qi)(qi)A2電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R11和可變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)RP1構成(cheng)。當(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)比(bi)較(jiao)器(qi)(qi)輸出(chu)(chu)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)，VT2導(dao)通(tong)，VT1也導(dao)通(tong)，指(zhi)示燈發光二(er)極管亮，給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。可以先設定(ding)轉換開(kai)關為1時(shi)(shi)給一(yi)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，轉換開(kai)關為2時(shi)(shi)給二(er)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，依次類推，實現對1-4節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)滿時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)比(bi)較(jiao)器(qi)(qi)輸出(chu)(chu)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)，VT2截止，VT1不導(dao)通(tong)，發光二(er)極管熄滅，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完(wan)畢。

 2 簡易充電器總電路原(yuan)理圖及元器件清單

2.1 簡(jian)易充電器總電路原理圖

簡易電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池自(zi)動(dong)恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)圖(tu)(tu)如圖(tu)(tu)5所(suo)示。它是由變壓器整流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、恒(heng)流產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、顯示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)5部分構成(cheng)。總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)圖(tu)(tu)中需要(yao)注意的是各(ge)個(ge)單元電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)之間的連接一定(ding)要(yao)準確，同時(shi)各(ge)部分的布局(ju)要(yao)合理。

2.2 元器件清單

本設計用的元(yuan)件(jian)清單(dan)如表1。

3 結束語

通過以上的講解我們發現簡易電(dian)池自(zi)動恒流(liu)充電(dian)電(dian)路具(ju)有很多(duo)優點，電(dian)路結構簡單、功能完善、調(diao)節(jie)方便(bian)等，適合無線電(dian)愛(ai)好(hao)者自(zi)行制作及高職學生電(dian)子(zi)實訓(xun)。

                                                                                                         本文(wen)摘自(zi)于(yu)中國充(chong)電(dian)器網