1.蓄電池的特點

目前常用(yong)的四種化學(xue)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)（PbSO4）、鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)（Li＋）、鎳鉻電(dian)(dian)池(chi)（NiCd）和鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)（NiMH）。由(you)于(yu)環保問題(ti)和對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的要求越來越高等綜合因素，推動(dong)了新(xin)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)技術(shu)的發展。

1．1 鎳鉻電池和(he)鎳氫電池

鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鉻(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)比鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)低，具(ju)有低阻抗特性(xing)，對(dui)于(yu)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)短(duan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)場合很(hen)具(ju)吸(xi)引力(li)。但(dan)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鉻(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)如果未經充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)分放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，或者(zhe)(zhe)長時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)處于(yu)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態，就會產生枝(zhi)狀晶(jing)體，引起“記憶(yi)效(xiao)應”，從而導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)阻變(bian)(bian)大，容(rong)量(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)小，縮(suo)短(duan)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命。如果在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前進(jin)行(xing)完全(quan)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，使每節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降到(dao)1．0V左右(you)，就能(neng)消除引起“記憶(yi)效(xiao)應”的(de)(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)狀晶(jing)體，恢復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)。鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)具(ju)有較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，但(dan)其自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(lv)也(ye)較(jiao)高(gao)，約為(wei)(wei)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鉻(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)倍。在初始階段其放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(lv)尤高(gao)（每天(tian)放掉1％）。所以(yi)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不(bu)宜用(yong)(yong)于(yu)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)長時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)保持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場合。就充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式而言(yan)，兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)非常相似，都(dou)是以(yi)恒流的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可采用(yong)(yong)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)、標準或者(zhe)(zhe)涓(juan)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。它們都(dou)能(neng)以(yi)超過2C（C為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，單位為(wei)(wei)安培）的(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)率(lv)(lv)進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（但(dan)一般(ban)采用(yong)(yong)C／2速(su)率(lv)(lv)）。由于(yu)存在內(nei)(nei)部損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)一般(ban)小于(yu)100％，所以(yi)，在采用(yong)(yong)C／2的(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)率(lv)(lv)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，通常需(xu)(xu)要(yao)兩個(ge)多小時(shi)(shi)(shi)才能(neng)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中的(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)隨著(zhu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率(lv)(lv)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)而不(bu)同(tong)。在恒流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會緩慢達到(dao)峰(feng)值(zhi)（ΔV／Δt變(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)0），鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)需(xu)(xu)在這個(ge)峰(feng)值(zhi)點(dian)終(zhong)止快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鉻(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)須在峰(feng)值(zhi)點(dian)后當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓開始下降時(shi)(shi)(shi)（ΔV／Δt變(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)負(fu)）即終(zhong)止快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，否(fou)則(ze)(ze)會導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)壓力(li)和(he)溫度(du)(du)上(shang)升而損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率(lv)(lv)大于(yu)C／2時(shi)(shi)(shi)，則(ze)(ze)要(yao)監測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)溫度(du)(du)，因為(wei)(wei)當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)快(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)會急劇上(shang)升。對(dui)于(yu)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)鉻(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，還可以(yi)采用(yong)(yong)比較(jiao)簡(jian)便的(de)(de)(de)(de)涓(juan)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這時(shi)(shi)(shi)只會造成極小的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫升，不(bu)會損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，也(ye)就無需(xu)(xu)終(zhong)止涓(juan)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或者(zhe)(zhe)監測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。允許的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大涓(juan)流隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)類(lei)型和(he)環境溫度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)而不(bu)同(tong)，典型條件下C／15較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)安全(quan)。

1．2 鋰離子電池

過(guo)(guo)(guo)去(qu)幾年(nian)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技術領域最突出(chu)的(de)(de)創新(xin)就(jiu)是(shi)鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。相對(dui)于(yu)鎳基電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)而言，鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)具有更高(gao)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)。從容(rong)(rong)量(liang)／體積比(bi)來衡(heng)量(liang)，鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)比(bi)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)高(gao)出(chu)10％～30％，從容(rong)(rong)量(liang)／質量(liang)比(bi)來看，鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)比(bi)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)高(gao)出(chu)近兩倍。但鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)對(dui)于(yu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)欠充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)很敏感。要達(da)到(dao)最大容(rong)(rong)量(liang)就(jiu)必(bi)須(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)最高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，而過(guo)(guo)(guo)高(gao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)(he)過(guo)(guo)(guo)大的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)永久性損(sun)壞(huai)。如果多(duo)次(ci)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至過(guo)(guo)(guo)低的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓則會造成容(rong)(rong)量(liang)損(sun)失，所以，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)都須(xu)限制其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，以保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不受損(sun)壞(huai)。鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式不同(tong)于(yu)鎳基材料的(de)(de)化學電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)需用一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓―電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流源來進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。為了獲(huo)得最大的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)而又不損(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，須(xu)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓保持在1％的(de)(de)精度內。快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較低，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流即(ji)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流極限。隨著充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)進行，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓緩慢上(shang)升，最終當每節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)達(da)到(dao)浮空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓 4．2V時(shi)，此(ci)時(shi)即(ji)可終止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

2　總體設計

2．1 充電器芯片MAX846A

MAX846A是一種16腳QSOP封裝的通用型充電控制芯片，可以單獨構成鋰離子電池充電器，也可以在單片機的控制下對鋰離子電池和鎳基電池進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖1為(wei)(wei)其QSOP封裝的管腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)圖。圖中，1腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)DCIN和(he)(he)4腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)GND及15腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)PGND分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源和(he)(he)地(di)端(duan)(duan)。2腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)VL端(duan)(duan)可提供(gong)3．3V，1％的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓基準。3腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CCI和(he)(he)5腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CCV分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓調節(jie)回(hui)路(lu)補償端(duan)(duan)。7腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)ISET和(he)(he)6腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)VSET分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓回(hui)路(lu)設定(ding)端(duan)(duan)。8腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)OFFV為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓調節(jie)回(hui)路(lu)控制端(duan)(duan)，對于鎳基電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池置為(wei)(wei)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平。當VL端(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低于3V時，9腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)PWROK輸出低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平，可給MCU提供(gong)復位信號。10腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CELL2為(wei)(wei)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池選擇(ze)端(duan)(duan)，低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平時為(wei)(wei)一節(jie)，高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平時為(wei)(wei)兩節(jie)。11腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)ON為(wei)(wei)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制端(duan)(duan)，低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平時停止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。12腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)BATT端(duan)(duan)接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正極。13腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CS＋和(he)(he)14腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)CS－為(wei)(wei)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)檢測放大器輸入端(duan)(duan)。16腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)DRV為(wei)(wei)外部(bu)調節(jie)晶體管驅動端(duan)(duan)。

2．2 硬件設計

充電器硬件結構圖如圖2所示。整個系統以MCU為核心構成，包括電源電路、調節電路、充電與放電電路、鍵盤與顯示電路及報警電路等環節。
 

MCU選用AT89C51，片內(nei)帶4K的(de)EEPROM，這樣就無(wu)需擴展程序存(cun)儲器，簡化了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)設(she)計。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)回路(lu)中(zhong)，220V的(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)經變(bian)壓器降為(wei) 12V，經過(guo)(guo)整流(liu)(liu)濾波變(bian)為(wei)14V左右，作(zuo)為(wei)MAX846A的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，另外經7805穩壓后(hou)作(zuo)為(wei)其(qi)他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)單(dan)元的(de)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。調(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)主要由A／D和(he)(he)(he)D／A構(gou)成，用于(yu)檢測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)(he)(he)溫度及設(she)置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)浮空電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)(he)(he)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)以(yi)MAX846A為(wei)中(zhong)心，完成充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程的(de)啟停(ting)及充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式的(de)選擇由單(dan)片機對MAX846A進行控制來實現。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)用以(yi)消除鎳鉻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)“記憶效應”。報(bao)警電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)在(zai)系(xi)統工作(zuo)時給(gei)出必要的(de)聲(sheng)音提示。鍵(jian)盤(pan)和(he)(he)(he)顯示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)用于(yu)設(she)置和(he)(he)(he)顯示相(xiang)關的(de)參數(shu)。

2．3 充電器的功能設計
　　系統工作時通過鍵盤選擇電池類型和充電方式，并由一位數碼管顯示。具體方式如下所示：
    （1）鎳鉻電池全電流快速充電方式
    （2）鎳鉻電池標準充電方式
    （3）鎳氫電池全電流快速充電方式
    （4）鎳氫電池標準充電方式
    （5）鋰離子電池快速充電方式
    （6）鋰離子電池標(biao)準充(chong)電方式

系統啟動時先進行初始化，隨后檢查電池是否開路。如開路則LED顯示0并蜂鳴提示，如正常則按照設置的充電方式進行充電。在對鎳鉻電池充電時，首先檢測電池是否已充分放電，如單節電池電壓在1．0V以上，則先進行完全放電以消除其“記憶效應”。對于鎳基電池，無論采用哪一種充電方式，在充電結束后自動進入涓流充電方式，以補償電池的自放電。鋰離子電池的自放電率最低，所以無需涓流充電。在快速充電時，鎳鉻電池采用負斜率終止充電（ΔV／Δt小于0），鎳氫電池采(cai)(cai)用(yong)零(ling)斜率終止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（ΔV／Δt等于(yu)0），鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)頂端截止。另外，在(zai)快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或者(zhe)溫度超限以及(ji)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間超過三小時，系統都將停止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并蜂鳴提示。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束時數碼管顯示P并蜂鳴提示。出于(yu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命的考慮，在(zai)多次快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)后，建議采(cai)(cai)用(yong)標(biao)準方式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一次。

2．4 軟件設計

系統(tong)的(de)軟件設(she)(she)計采用模(mo)(mo)塊式(shi)(shi)(shi)結構(gou)，主要由初(chu)始化程序、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)(mo)塊、預處理模(mo)(mo)塊、A／D轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換模(mo)(mo)塊、D／A轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換模(mo)(mo)塊、定時(shi)模(mo)(mo)塊和(he)顯(xian)示(shi)模(mo)(mo)塊等部分組成。其(qi)中，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)(mo)塊用于設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)類型(xing)和(he)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)；A／D轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換模(mo)(mo)塊用于檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)溫度，以確定是否終止(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程；D／A轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換模(mo)(mo)塊用于設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流和(he)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)；定時(shi)模(mo)(mo)塊用于確定零斜率(lv)或負斜率(lv)檢(jian)測的(de)頻度以及快充(chong)的(de)時(shi)間(jian)監測，斜率(lv)檢(jian)測為每分鐘一(yi)次，快充(chong)的(de)時(shi)間(jian)限(xian)為三小時(shi)。系統(tong)程序的(de)流程圖如圖3所(suo)示(shi)。

3　結束語

采用單片機和充電集成電路進行充電器設計，不(bu)但能夠實(shi)現對一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，而且還(huan)能夠實(shi)現相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)壓和溫(wen)度保(bao)護，從而可以充(chong)(chong)分發(fa)揮蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性能，延長電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用壽命，并避免簡(jian)易充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時可能對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)造(zao)成損害的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況發(fa)生，具有一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)智能功能，符合目前的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境保(bao)護潮流。