電動車充電器 是專門為電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車的電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶配(pei)置的一個充電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)！電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車普遍使用了所謂三(san)段(duan)式充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，第一個階(jie)段(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)流階(jie)段(duan)，第二個階(jie)段(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)壓階(jie)段(duan)，第三(san)個階(jie)段(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)涓(juan)流階(jie)段(duan)。 

　　

　　常用的(de)開關電源式(shi)(shi)充電器又(you)分半(ban)橋式(shi)(shi)和單激(ji)式(shi)(shi)兩(liang)大類(lei)，單激(ji)類(lei)又(you)分為正激(ji)式(shi)(shi)和反激(ji)式(shi)(shi)兩(liang)類(lei)。半(ban)橋式(shi)(shi)成本(ben)高，性能好，常用于帶負脈沖(chong)的(de)充電器；單激(ji)式(shi)(shi)成本(ben)低，市場占有率(lv)高。

負脈沖充電器
　　鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已(yi)經(jing)有100多年(nian)的歷(li)史了，開始全球普遍沿(yan)引老的觀(guan)點和操(cao)作(zuo)規程：充(chong)(chong)、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率為0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang))壽命較長。美國人麥斯先生為解決(jue)快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，1967年(nian)向全世界(jie)公(gong)布了他的研究成(cheng)果，用大(da)于1C率脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間歇(xie)時(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有利于消除極化(hua)、降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫度、提高極板接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的能力。

　　我國一些科技工作(zuo)者在1969年前(qian)后，根據麥(mai)斯先生的三(san)定律制作(zuo)成功了(le)多種(zhong)品牌的快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)循環過程是(shi)：大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈(mo)沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)→切(qie)斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路→對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池短暫(zan)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)→停(ting)止放電(dian)(dian)(dian)→接通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路→大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈(mo)沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)……

　　2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中，充電過程中，不切斷充電通路，用小電阻將電池短路瞬間，進行放電。短路時由于不切斷充電通路，在充電通路中串連了電感。一般在1秒內短路3－5毫秒（1秒=1000毫秒），由于電感里的電流不能跳變，短路時間短促，可以保護充電器的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部分。如果把充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向叫正(zheng)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)自然(ran)為(wei)負(fu)了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)業就出現了名(ming)詞“負(fu)脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而且稱可以延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)等等。

三段式充電器
　　從(cong)電(dian)(dian)子技術角度針(zhen)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)而言：第(di)(di)(di)一個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)充電(dian)(dian)限流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)高(gao)恒壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)低恒壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切(qie)。第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)時，面板指示燈(deng)(deng)相(xiang)應變換(huan)，大多數充電(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)(di)一、二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅燈(deng)(deng)，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠(lv)燈(deng)(deng)。第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相(xiang)互(hu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)是由充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)決定的，大于某電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進(jin)入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)一第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進(jin)入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，也叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。

　　早期充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，包括名牌車配套的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，雖然(ran)也(ye)變燈，但實際是恒壓限(xian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，并不(bu)是三階段充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)。一(yi)般這(zhe)類就一(yi)個穩(wen)定電(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)，44.2V左右(you)，對當時的高比重硫酸的電(dian)(dian)池還湊合。

　　關于三段式充電(dian)器的(de)三個關鍵(jian)參(can)數

　　第(di)(di)一個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要參(can)數是涓(juan)流階段的(de)低恒壓值，第(di)(di)二個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要參(can)數是第(di)(di)二階段的(de)高恒壓值，第(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要參(can)數是轉換(huan)電(dian)流。這三(san)個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要參(can)數與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)數目有(you)關，與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容量(liang)Ah有(you)關，與(yu)(yu)(yu)溫度有(you)關，與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)種(zhong)類(lei)有(you)關。為(wei)了方便大家(jia)記(ji)憶，下(xia)面以最常(chang)見的(de)電(dian)動自行車（三(san)塊(kuai)12V串聯(lian)的(de)10Ah電(dian)池(chi)(chi)）所用的(de)三(san)段式充電(dian)器為(wei)例簡(jian)單介(jie)紹一下(xia)：

　　首(shou)先討論涓流階段的低(di)恒壓值(zhi)(zhi)，參考(kao)電(dian)壓為42.5V左右。此(ci)值(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)將使電(dian)池(chi)失水，容易使電(dian)池(chi)發熱(re)變形；此(ci)值(zhi)(zhi)低(di)不利于(yu)電(dian)池(chi)充足電(dian)。此(ci)值(zhi)(zhi)在南方要(yao)低(di)于(yu)41.5V；膠體電(dian)池(chi)要(yao)低(di)于(yu)41.5V，如在南方還要(yao)低(di)一(yi)點兒(er)。這個參數是相對嚴(yan)格的，不可以大于(yu)參考(kao)值(zhi)(zhi)。

　　其次討論第二(er)階段的高(gao)恒壓(ya)值(zhi)，參考(kao)電(dian)壓(ya)為44.5V左右。此(ci)值(zhi)高(gao)有(you)利于快速(su)充足(zu)電(dian)，但是容易使電(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水，充電(dian)后期(qi)電(dian)流下不(bu)來，結果使電(dian)池(chi)(chi)發熱變形；此(ci)值(zhi)低不(bu)利于電(dian)池(chi)(chi)快速(su)充足(zu)電(dian)，有(you)利于向涓流階段轉換。這個(ge)值(zhi)雖然(ran)沒(mei)有(you)第一個(ge)值(zhi)那(nei)樣(yang)嚴(yan)格，但是也不(bu)要過高(gao)。

　　最后討論(lun)轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，參(can)考電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)為300毫(hao)安(an)左右。此(ci)值高有(you)利于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命，不容(rong)易(yi)發熱變形(xing)，但(dan)不利于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；此(ci)值低(di)（對外行）有(you)利于(yu)(yu)充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是由于(yu)(yu)較長時(shi)間高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，容(rong)易(yi)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱變形(xing)。特別(bie)(bie)個別(bie)(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)出(chu)現問題時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)降不到(dao)轉折電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)以下(xia)時(shi)，會(hui)連(lian)累好電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也(ye)被充壞。給出(chu)的參(can)考值有(you)一定范圍，正負(fu)50毫(hao)安(an)甚至100毫(hao)安(an)都是允許(xu)的，但(dan)是不允許(xu)小于(yu)(yu)200毫(hao)安(an)。

　　目前，市場(chang)上出現(xian)了很(hen)多高恒壓值為46.5V、低(di)恒壓值為41.5V、轉折電流大于(yu)500毫安(an)的反激式廉(lian)價充電器。

　　如果是(shi)四(si)塊12V電池(chi)的充(chong)電器(qi)即48V充(chong)電器(qi)，前兩個參數為(wei)前述電壓參考值除(chu)以(yi)三乘(cheng)以(yi)四(si)。高恒(heng)壓值為(wei)59.5V左(zuo)(zuo)右、低恒(heng)壓值為(wei)56.5V左(zuo)(zuo)右。

　　電(dian)池(chi)如果比10Ah大，將第三(san)個參(can)數電(dian)流值適(shi)當增大，例如17Ah電(dian)池(chi)可大到500毫安。

　　買新充(chong)電器(qi)要(yao)檢查(cha)三段式充(chong)電器(qi)的三個(ge)(ge)重要(yao)參(can)數(shu)，用(yong)(yong)戶一般可以自己測得(de)(de)第三階(jie)段的低(di)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值。方法是(shi)，不接(jie)電池，給充(chong)電器(qi)加市電，用(yong)(yong)數(shu)字萬用(yong)(yong)表的200V直流電壓(ya)(ya)檔測充(chong)電器(qi)的輸出電壓(ya)(ya)。另兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)參(can)數(shu)高恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值和轉折電流一般需要(yao)專用(yong)(yong)工具才能測得(de)(de)。

　　再(zai)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)一些(xie)正確的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)方法：1，變綠燈后再(zai)接(jie)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原則是(shi)淺放(fang)（電(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)(chong)（電(dian)），每次用到50%以后再(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，不(bu)要(yao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)太(tai)頻繁(fan)這樣會縮短電(dian)池壽命 3，長(chang)期(qi)(qi)不(bu)騎(qi)，要(yao)定期(qi)(qi)（1個(ge)(ge)月）充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)一次。4，長(chang)期(qi)(qi)淺放(fang)的(de)(de)電(dian)池，3個(ge)(ge)月左右，作一次深放(fang)電(dian)，就是(shi)所謂放(fang)光(guang)再(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，有利于電(dian)池深部(bu)的(de)(de)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)不(bu)動的(de)(de)物質(zhi)的(de)(de)活化。放(fang)光(guang)的(de)(de)意思是(shi)，騎(qi)到控制器電(dian)池欠(qian)壓保護動作為止(zhi)。

　　需(xu)要(yao)(yao)提醒客(ke)戶幾點：1，一般(ban)新電(dian)(dian)池投(tou)入使(shi)用(yong)8－10個(ge)月后，要(yao)(yao)對電(dian)(dian)池進行檢查和維護。2，一般(ban)名牌車配(pei)套的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)是經過篩選的(de)(de)，通常不(bu)用(yong)測試，但是單(dan)獨到市(shi)(shi)場(chang)上采(cai)購的(de)(de)非配(pei)套充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，一定要(yao)(yao)進行前(qian)述(shu)三個(ge)參數的(de)(de)測試。3，有一種(zhong)不(bu)帶工頻變壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)可控(kong)硅充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機，直接整(zheng)流市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)流可到30A，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)12V－80V可調，未徹(che)底(di)切(qie)斷市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)前(qian)，千萬不(bu)要(yao)(yao)摸(mo)電(dian)(dian)池，貨運(yun)三輪使(shi)用(yong)這類(lei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)客(ke)戶特別要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)安(an)全。

鉛酸電池損壞的四大原因　　①失水 ②硫化 ③失衡 ④熱失控（充鼓(gu)）

　　前兩者(zhe)①、②占了目(mu)前市場上電(dian)池損壞的97%。

　　（1）分析①：鉛酸電池失水的主要原因

　　鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液像(xiang)人體中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)血液一(yi)(yi)樣寶(bao)貴(gui)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)喪失(shi)，就(jiu)意(yi)味著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)報廢了。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液是由稀硫酸(suan)和水(shui)組(zu)成的(de)(de)(de)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)，難以避免(mian)失(shi)水(shui)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)樣，失(shi)水(shui)也不(bu)一(yi)(yi)樣。普通(tong)(tong)三段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)水(shui)量(liang)是科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)模(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)二(er)倍以上(shang)！電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)除了自然壽命外還有一(yi)(yi)個失(shi)水(shui)壽命：單只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失(shi)水(shui)超過(guo)90克(ke)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)報廢了。在(zai)常溫下（25℃），普通(tong)(tong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)水(shui)量(liang)約為(wei)0.25克(ke)，而(er)科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)為(wei)0.12克(ke)。在(zai)高溫下（35℃），普通(tong)(tong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)水(shui)量(liang)為(wei)0.5克(ke)，而(er)科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)為(wei)0.23克(ke)。按此(ci)計算，普通(tong)(tong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)在(zai)250次(ci)循(xun)環后(hou)水(shui)分(fen)(fen)充(chong)(chong)干，而(er)科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)在(zai)600次(ci)循(xun)環后(hou)水(shui)分(fen)(fen)才會充(chong)(chong)干。因此(ci)，科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)能(neng)延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)一(yi)(yi)倍以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)壽命。（出(chu)示(shi)超威公司報告(gao)，并畫曲線(xian)圖。）

　　鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)在充電(dian)過(guo)程中的最(zui)大問題是(shi)析氣。

　　根據美國(guo)科學家馬斯(J.A.Mas) 對(dui)鉛酸電池充電過程中析(xi)氣(qi)原(yuan)因和(he)規律的研(yan)究，為(wei)達(da)到最低(di)析(xi)氣(qi)率(lv)，鉛酸電池能夠接受充電電流曲線如下：

　　臨(lin)界析氣曲線的公式為(wei)：I=I0e-at %h^2

　　在充(chong)電(dian)過程中(zhong)，充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流超(chao)過臨(lin)界析(xi)氣(qi)曲線的部分，只能導致蓄電(dian)池電(dian)解水(shui)反應而產(chan)生(sheng)氣(qi)體(ti)和溫升，不(bu)能提高(gao)電(dian)池的容量

　　① 恒流充電(dian)(dian)階段(duan)，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流保持恒定，充入電(dian)(dian)量快(kuai)速增加，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上升；

　　② 恒(heng)壓充(chong)電階段(duan)，充(chong)電電壓保持恒(heng)定(ding)，充(chong)入電量繼續增加，充(chong)電電流(liu)下降；

　　③ 蓄電池充(chong)滿，電流下降到低(di)于浮充(chong)轉換電流，充(chong)電電壓(ya)降低(di)到浮充(chong)電壓(ya)；

　　④ 浮(fu)充充電階段，充電電壓保(bao)持為浮(fu)充電壓；

　　普通三階段(duan)充電(dian)第一(yi)階段(duan)為恒流充電(dian)，這(zhe)主要是(shi)考慮到(dao)電(dian)路的設計比較方便，并(bing)非(fei)為使蓄電(dian)池性能最佳而設計。

　　按照鉛酸蓄電池充電析氣曲線(xian)，普(pu)通三(san)階段充電過程的(de)析氣情況如圖 ：

　　恒(heng)流充電(dian)(dian)段后(hou)期和恒(heng)壓充電(dian)(dian)前(qian)期（陰影區），電(dian)(dian)流超過臨(lin)界析(xi)氣(qi)(qi)曲線(xian)，造成蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)析(xi)氣(qi)(qi)，引起壽命下降(jiang)。

　　超過臨界析氣曲線的電(dian)流(liu)僅使蓄(xu)電(dian)池產生氣體和(he)溫(wen)升，未轉化為電(dian)池電(dian)量，充電(dian)效率也因此降低。

　　解決①：脈沖解決失水(shui)的方案

　　科林脈沖(chong)恒動(dong)率階段(duan)的時(shi)間(jian)，比普(pu)通充電(dian)(dian)器恒流(liu)+恒壓階段(duan)要縮短了近一(yi)個(ge)小時(shi)，而這(zhe)一(yi)個(ge)小時(shi)的高壓段(duan)充電(dian)(dian)是水(shui)分散(san)發(fa)的關鍵時(shi)刻。科林脈沖(chong)以電(dian)(dian)壓參數(shu)為(wei)轉(zhuan)燈依據(ju)，轉(zhuan)燈進(jin)入智(zhi)能脈沖(chong)很準確，而普(pu)通充電(dian)(dian)器以電(dian)(dian)流(liu)參數(shu)為(wei)轉(zhuan)燈依據(ju)，一(yi)旦(dan)電(dian)(dian)池硫化，內阻加(jia)(jia)大，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)也(ye)加(jia)(jia)大，很難達(da)到(dao)轉(zhuan)燈電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，很容易造成高壓段(duan)長時(shi)間(jian)充電(dian)(dian)，加(jia)(jia)速水(shui)解。

　　（2）分析②：鉛酸電池硫化的原因

　　電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)長期(qi)滯留，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)和(he)欠充(chong)(chong)，使用過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)，極易造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)(hua)。它的(de)(de)(de)表象(xiang)為：一放就光，一充(chong)(chong)就飽(bao)，我們把它叫做電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)“假(jia)損壞”。硫化(hua)(hua)物(wu)質硫酸鹽粘(zhan)附在極板上，縮(suo)減了電(dian)(dian)解液與極板的(de)(de)(de)反應(ying)面積，使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)迅速衰減。失水(shui)會加(jia)重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)(hua)；硫化(hua)(hua)又會加(jia)重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)失水(shui)，易形成惡性循環(huan)。

　　解決(jue)②：科林脈沖解決(jue)硫(liu)化(hua)的方案

　　科林脈沖(chong)運用智能脈沖(chong)中的尖(jian)峰(feng)脈沖(chong)，可(ke)以擊碎硫酸鉛結晶的晶核(he)，使之難以形(xing)成(cheng)硫酸鹽。

　　智能脈沖(chong)充電器(qi)：①恒功率、②智能脈沖(chong)、③滴充

　　普通三段(duan)式：①恒流、②恒壓、③浮充

　　（3）分(fen)析(xi)③：鉛酸(suan)電池的失衡(heng)問題

　　一組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)由(you)三(san)到四(si)只(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)成。由(you)于(yu)制造工藝(yi)問題，無(wu)法做到每(mei)只(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的絕對平衡(heng)，普通充電(dian)(dian)器使用(yong)平均電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，使容(rong)量(liang)小的單(dan)只(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)最(zui)先充滿，并(bing)形(xing)(xing)成過充，放電(dian)(dian)時，這(zhe)只(zhi)(zhi)容(rong)量(liang)小的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)最(zui)先放完，并(bing)形(xing)(xing)成過放。長期如此，惡性循環，使整(zheng)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出現單(dan)只(zhi)(zhi)落后，從(cong)而使整(zheng)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)報廢(fei)。三(san)段式充電(dian)(dian)器的浮充階段，有500mA的小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，它的作用(yong)是(shi)補償(chang)充電(dian)(dian)，讓電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充飽。但它也帶來兩個副作用(yong):1、充飽后，多余(yu)的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)沒有關斷，電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)化為熱能，進行水(shui)分解，加(jia)速水(shui)份的散發；2、小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)，產生的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)分叉很大，更容(rong)易造成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)的不平衡(heng)。

　　解(jie)(jie)決③：脈沖解(jie)(jie)決電(dian)池組失衡方(fang)案

　　科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)沖的(de)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)普通充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)三分(fen)之一(yi)，失(shi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)少，則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓差(cha)(cha)會小；反之，失(shi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)大，則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓差(cha)(cha)大。隨著失(shi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)加大，硫化(hua)也會加重(zhong)(zhong)，而普通充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器沒有去除(chu)硫化(hua)功能，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)失(shi)衡嚴重(zhong)(zhong)。科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)沖在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，失(shi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)少，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓差(cha)(cha)也小，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)產生硫化(hua)后(hou)，能用脈(mo)沖去除(chu)，使(shi)整組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)趨(qu)(qu)向平(ping)(ping)衡。科(ke)林(lin)脈(mo)沖恒功率(lv)階段(duan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流較大，作用是(shi):1、快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，節省充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)；2、激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)極板，消(xiao)除(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)鈍化(hua)現象，恢復電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，使(shi)整組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)趨(qu)(qu)于平(ping)(ping)衡。滴充(chong)階段(duan)，能消(xiao)除(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流分(fen)叉(cha)的(de)影(ying)響，對欠充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)滴充(chong)，充(chong)滿(man)后(hou)自動(dong)關(guan)斷，減少水(shui)(shui)分(fen)解，保(bao)持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)平(ping)(ping)衡。

　　（4）分析④：鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池的熱失控問題

　　蓄電(dian)池變形不(bu)是突(tu)發的(de)，往(wang)往(wang)是有(you)一(yi)個過(guo)程的(de)。蓄電(dian)池在充電(dian)到容量(liang)(liang)的(de)80%，左右(you)進入高電(dian)壓(ya)充電(dian)區，這時(shi)，在正(zheng)極板上先(xian)析出氧氣(qi)，氧氣(qi)通過(guo)隔板中的(de)孔，到達負極，在負極板上進行氧復活反應：2Pb+O2（氧氣(qi)）=2PbO+Q（熱(re)量(liang)(liang)）；PbO+H2SO4=PbSO4+H2O+Q（熱(re)量(liang)(liang)）。反應時(shi)產(chan)生(sheng)熱(re)量(liang)(liang)，當(dang)充電(dian)容量(liang)(liang)達到90%時(shi)，氧氣(qi)發生(sheng)速度增(zeng)大，負極開始產(chan)生(sheng)氫氣(qi)，大量(liang)(liang)氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)增(zeng)加(jia)使蓄電(dian)池內壓(ya)超(chao)過(guo)閥壓(ya)，安全閥打開，氣(qi)體(ti)逸出，最終(zhong)表現(xian)為失(shi)水。2H2O=2H2↑+O2↑。隨著蓄電(dian)池循環次數的(de)增(zeng)加(jia)，水分逐漸減少，結果蓄電(dian)池出現(xian)如下(xia)情況(kuang)：

　　⑴ 氧氣“通(tong)(tong)道(dao)”變得暢(chang)通(tong)(tong)，正極產生的(de)氧化很容易通(tong)(tong)過“通(tong)(tong)道(dao)”到達負極；

　　⑵ 熱容(rong)減(jian)小，在(zai)蓄電池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)熱容(rong)量最大(da)的是水，水損失后，蓄電池(chi)(chi)熱容(rong)大(da)大(da)減(jian)小，產生的熱量使蓄電池(chi)(chi)溫度升高很快；

　　⑶ 由于失水后蓄電(dian)池中超(chao)細(xi)玻璃纖維隔板(ban)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)收縮現象，使之與正負極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)的附(fu)著力變差(cha)，內阻增大(da)，充放電(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)量(liang)加大(da)。經過(guo)(guo)上(shang)述過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，蓄電(dian)池內部產生(sheng)的熱(re)(re)量(liang)只能經過(guo)(guo)電(dian)池槽散熱(re)(re)，如散熱(re)(re)量(liang)小(xiao)于發(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)量(liang)，即出現溫度(du)上(shang)升現象。溫度(du)上(shang)升，使蓄電(dian)池析氣(qi)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)位(wei)降低，析氣(qi)量(liang)增大(da)，正極(ji)(ji)(ji)大(da)量(liang)的氧化(hua)通過(guo)(guo)“通道(dao)”，在負極(ji)(ji)(ji)表面(mian)反應，發(fa)(fa)出大(da)量(liang)的熱(re)(re)量(liang)，使溫度(du)快速上(shang)升，形成(cheng)惡性循環(huan)，即所(suo)謂的“熱(re)(re)失控(kong)”。

　　解(jie)決④：科林脈沖解(jie)決熱失控(kong)的方案(an)

　　科林脈沖(chong)有溫度補償功能，通(tong)過(guo)熱(re)(re)敏(min)電(dian)子采集外(wai)界(jie)和機內溫度，智能調(diao)節充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)，使冬(dong)季(ji)節不欠充(chong)，夏季(ji)不過(guo)充(chong)，有效(xiao)解決熱(re)(re)失控。科林脈沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)參數(shu)是動態的(de)，變(bian)化(hua)的(de)；普通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)器是靜態的(de)，固定的(de)。所以，普通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)器不可(ke)避免的(de)會出(chu)現(xian)夏季(ji)過(guo)充(chong)和冬(dong)季(ji)欠充(chong)問題。

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編輯本段電動車充電器維修方法
1.目測法
　　看，電(dian)容：比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)明顯的(de)特(te)征是電(dian)容里面(mian)包含著一(yi)定溶(rong)液，在(zai)超(chao)標(biao)工作(zuo)環境下，電(dian)容會(hui)(hui)發熱(re)自(zi)(zi)爆以瀉(xie)身心(xin)不(bu)能承受的(de)壓力，有些(xie)質量比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)差的(de)電(dian)容會(hui)(hui)自(zi)(zi)爆到尸(shi)首也找不(bu)到，號稱 無(wu)影無(wu)蹤小(xiao)鞭炮，只留下一(yi)些(xie)細小(xiao)的(de)碎紙屑。電(dian)阻(zu)：發熱(re)和過載后，會(hui)(hui)變色(se)或冒煙(yan)，當然電(dian)阻(zu)也會(hui)(hui)自(zi)(zi)爆，炸斷或自(zi)(zi)身一(yi)部分飛離。

2.電阻法
　　使(shi)用數字萬(wan)用表(biao)，對懷疑部分的(de)(de)電(dian)路進行測(ce)量，一(yi)般我們(men)使(shi)用二極管檔(dang)進行測(ce)量，就是短(duan)(duan)路2支表(biao)筆，萬(wan)用表(biao)會(hui)(hui)叫的(de)(de)那個檔(dang)，測(ce)量電(dian)阻前我們(men)會(hui)(hui)做(zuo)一(yi)些(xie)必(bi)要的(de)(de)放電(dian)行為，在確認沒有插市電(dian)的(de)(de)情況下， 我們(men)一(yi)一(yi)用鑷子去短(duan)(duan)路一(yi)些(xie)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)，電(dian)容(rong)(rong)放電(dian)時會(hui)(hui)發出火花(hua)和聲(sheng)響不(bu)要害(hai)怕，然后進行我們(men)的(de)(de)在路阻值測(ce)量。

3.電壓法
　　學會測量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)是(shi)(shi)維修的基本技能之一，帶(dai)(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)在路(lu)測量(liang)是(shi)(shi)比(bi)較危險的行為，必要的時(shi)候我們還(huan)是(shi)(shi)需要這么去(qu)做，這個(ge)行為不(bu)(bu)單(dan)單(dan)是(shi)(shi)我們自身的安全(quan)問題，還(huan)有由于操作出(chu)現意(yi)外(wai)損壞(huai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的可(ke)能性(xing)十分(fen)的大(da)，如果出(chu)現把充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器測量(liang)壞(huai)了，我們不(bu)(bu)要沮喪和難過，最(zui)好的技工(gong)，都會出(chu)現錯誤，就算是(shi)(shi)大(da)師也(ye)不(bu)(bu)能避(bi)免。我們只要記得測量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)有著明確的目的性(xing)，千萬不(bu)(bu)要盲目的帶(dai)(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)四處亂(luan)量(liang)，這個(ge)是(shi)(shi)大(da)忌。

4.代換法
　　代換(huan)(huan)(huan)就(jiu)是把一些(xie)(xie)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，進(jin)(jin)行(xing)替換(huan)(huan)(huan)，替換(huan)(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)可能是用(yong)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，或是從一個能正常工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電器(qi)上面拆下來的(de)(de)(de)(de)，為(wei)什么要(yao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)代換(huan)(huan)(huan)呢？這(zhe)(zhe)個方法(fa)一般(ban)我們維修(xiu)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)了相對(dui)來說的(de)(de)(de)(de)瓶頸，我們就(jiu)會產生這(zhe)(zhe)么的(de)(de)(de)(de)思路，代換(huan)(huan)(huan)比較適合于(yu)特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)如：電容(rong)，集成塊(kuai)等一些(xie)(xie)可能軟性(xing)損壞的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，對(dui)于(yu)其他的(de)(de)(de)(de)硬性(xing)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，我們不用(yong)也沒有必要(yao)去考(kao)慮去代換(huan)(huan)(huan)它(ta)

5.對比法
　　所謂的對比(bi)法(fa)(fa)，就是(shi)找一(yi)(yi)個一(yi)(yi)模一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)的或者(zhe)相似的充電(dian)(dian)器我們(men)以(yi)它作為一(yi)(yi)個模板，進(jin)行比(bi)較，多(duo)方(fang)面的去(qu)排除和(he)縮小故障的范圍(wei)，這其中包括(kuo)：電(dian)(dian)阻法(fa)(fa)，電(dian)(dian)壓法(fa)(fa)，替換(huan)法(fa)(fa)！