太陽能手機充電器的制作方法 本文介紹一種太陽能手機充電器，它使用太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板，經電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)進行(xing)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換(huan)后給(gei)手機電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，并能在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)完(wan)成后自(zi)動停止(zhi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

    太陽能手(shou)機充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路及工作原(yuan)理 太陽能電(dian)(dian)池在使(shi)用時(shi)(shi)由(you)于太陽光(guang)的變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化較大，其內阻又(you)比較高(gao)(gao)，因(yin)此輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不穩定(ding)，輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)也小，這(zhe)(zhe)就需要用一個直(zhi)流(liu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)路變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后供(gong)手(shou)機電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)，直(zhi)流(liu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)路見圖1，它是單(dan)管直(zhi)流(liu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)路，采用單(dan)端反(fan)激式(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)路的形式(shi)。當(dang)開關(guan)(guan)管VT1導通時(shi)(shi)，高(gao)(gao)頻變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1初(chu)級(ji)線圈NP的感應電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)1正2負，次級(ji)線圈Ns為(wei)5正6負，整流(liu)二極(ji)管VD1處于截(jie)止狀態，這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)頻變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1通過初(chu)級(ji)線圈Np儲(chu)存能量；當(dang)開關(guan)(guan)管VT1截(jie)止時(shi)(shi)，次級(ji)線圈Ns為(wei)5負6正，高(gao)(gao)頻變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1中(zhong)存儲(chu)的能量通過VD1整流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)容C3濾波后向負載輸出(chu)。

   電(dian)(dian)路(lu)工(gong)作原理簡(jian)述如(ru)下： 三極(ji)管(guan)VT1為開關電(dian)(dian)源管(guan)，它和(he)T1、R1、R3、C2等組(zu)成(cheng)自(zi)激(ji)式振蕩(dang)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)。加上(shang)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)源后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)經啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)阻R1流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)向VT1的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)極(ji)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1導(dao)(dao)通(tong)。 VT1導(dao)(dao)通(tong)后(hou)，變壓(ya)(ya)器初級線(xian)圈(quan)Np就加上(shang)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，其(qi)集(ji)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)Ic在(zai)Np中線(xian)性增長，反饋(kui)(kui)線(xian)圈(quan)Nb產生3正4負的(de)(de)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1得到基(ji)(ji)極(ji)為正，發射(she)極(ji)為負的(de)(de)正反饋(kui)(kui)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，此電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)經C2、R3向VT1注入(ru)(ru)基(ji)(ji)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1的(de)(de)集(ji)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)一步增大(da)，正反饋(kui)(kui)產生雪崩過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1飽(bao)和(he)導(dao)(dao)通(tong)。在(zai)VT1飽(bao)和(he)導(dao)(dao)通(tong)期間(jian)，T1通(tong)過(guo)(guo)初級線(xian)圈(quan)Np儲(chu)存(cun)磁能。 與(yu)此同時，感(gan)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)給C2充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，隨(sui)著(zhu)C2充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)增高，VT1基(ji)(ji)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)位逐漸變低，當VT1的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)變化不能滿(man)足其(qi)繼續(xu)飽(bao)和(he)時，VT1 退出飽(bao)和(he)區進(jin)入(ru)(ru)放大(da)區。 VT1進(jin)入(ru)(ru)放大(da)狀態(tai)(tai)后(hou)，其(qi)集(ji)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)由(you)放大(da)狀態(tai)(tai)前的(de)(de)最大(da)值下降，在(zai)反饋(kui)(kui)線(xian)圈(quan)Nb產生3負4正的(de)(de)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1基(ji)(ji)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)減(jian)小，其(qi)集(ji)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)隨(sui)之減(jian)小，正反饋(kui)(kui)再(zai)一次出現(xian)雪崩過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，VT1迅速截止。

    VT1截止(zhi)后，變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器T1儲(chu)存的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量提供(gong)給負(fu)載，次級線圈Ns產生的(de)(de)(de)5負(fu)6正的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)經(jing)二極管VD1整流(liu)(liu)濾波后，在(zai)(zai)C3上(shang)得到(dao)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)給手(shou)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 在(zai)(zai)VT1截止(zhi)時，直流(liu)(liu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸(shu)人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)Nb感應的(de)(de)(de)3負(fu)4正的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)又經(jing)R1、R3給C2反向充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，逐(zhu)漸(jian)提高VT1基(ji)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，使其重新(xin)導通，再次翻轉達(da)到(dao)飽(bao)和(he)狀態，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路就這樣重復振蕩下(xia)去。 R5、R6、VD2、VT2等組成限壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，以保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不被(bei)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這里以3.6V手(shou)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為例，其充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)限制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為4.2V。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)逐(zhu)漸(jian)上(shang)升，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)大于4.2V時，經(jing)R5、R6分壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)二極管VD2開始導通，使VT2導通，VT2的(de)(de)(de)分流(liu)(liu)作用減(jian)小了(le)(le)VT1的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，從而減(jian)小了(le)(le)VT1的(de)(de)(de)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)Ic，達(da)到(dao)了(le)(le)限制輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)作用。這時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路停止(zhi)了(le)(le)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)維(wei)持(chi)在(zai)(zai)4.2V。

    元器件選擇和安裝調試 VT1要(yao)求Icm＞0.5A，hEF為50-100，可用2SC2500、2SC1008等(deng)，VD1為穩壓值為3V的(de)穩壓二極管。 高頻(pin)變壓器T1要(yao)自(zi)制，用E16的(de)鐵氧體磁芯，Np用φ0.21漆(qi)包(bao)線(xian)(xian)繞26匝(za)，Nb用φ0.21漆(qi)包(bao)線(xian)(xian)繞8匝(za)，Ns用φ0.41漆(qi)包(bao)線(xian)(xian)繞15匝(za)。繞制時要(yao)注意各線(xian)(xian)圈的(de)起始端不(bu)(bu)要(yao)搞錯(cuo)，以免(mian)電路不(bu)(bu)起振或輸(shu)出電壓不(bu)(bu)正常。

    組(zu)裝(zhuang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)兩塊磁(ci)芯間(jian)墊一層厚度約為(wei)0.03mm的(de)塑料薄膜(mo)作(zuo)磁(ci)芯氣隙。 太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板使(shi)用4塊面積為(wei)6cm×6cm的(de)硅太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板，其空(kong)(kong)載(zai)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)4V，當工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)40mA時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)3V。由于直流(liu)變換器的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)效率隨著輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)的(de)增高而(er)增高，因此4塊太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板串聯(lian)后(hou)使(shi)用，這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)12V。讀者(zhe)可(ke)根據(ju)你能(neng)(neng)(neng)購到的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板規格決(jue)定使(shi)用的(de)數(shu)量和聯(lian)接(jie)方法(fa)。 其它元件(jian)的(de)參(can)數(shu)見圖1。 印刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)板見圖2，尺(chi)寸(cun)為(wei)45×26mm2。 安(an)裝(zhuang)完成后(hou)，接(jie)上太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板，并將其放(fang)在(zai)陽(yang)(yang)光下，空(kong)(kong)載(zai)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)約為(wei)4.2V，當空(kong)(kong)載(zai)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高于4.2V時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)適當減小R5的(de)阻值(zhi),反(fan)之增加R5的(de)阻值(zhi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)跟太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光的(de)強(qiang)弱有關(guan)，正常時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)約為(wei)40mA，這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)約為(wei)85mA。