充電器充電的電池簡稱二次電池
和普通的不(bu)可充電的電池相(xiang)比,可充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)叫二次(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。二次(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能夠反復運用，符合經濟實用原則，這是其(qi)最(zui)大的優(you)點，自然人們最(zui)青睞二次(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。二次(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的種類也不少，就目前市(shi)場上主流產品(pin)而言(yan)，有 4類(lei)電池：鉛酸(suan)(LA）電池、鎳鎘(ge)（NiCd）電池、鎳氫（NiMH）電池和(he)鋰離子(Liion ）電池。
1．便攜式(shi)電子設備可選擇(ze)的(de)電源系(xi)統
對(dui)便攜(xie)(xie)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備(bei)的(de)生產(chan)商來說，給便攜(xie)(xie)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備(bei)選擇(ze)(ze)合(he)適的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是很困(kun)難的(de)。因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)選擇(ze)(ze)會對(dui)設備(bei)的(de)功能、型號(hao)、成(cheng)本造成(cheng)很大的(de)影響。設計者面對(dui)著(zhu)很多選擇(ze)(ze)，從簡單(dan)的(de)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)到復雜(za)的(de)集成(cheng)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)安全、監視(shi)和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。
1）鎳鎘(ge)電池。
鎳鋼電池(chi)工作電壓為1．2V左右，具有優良的大電(dian)流放電(dian)性能，可在一(yi)20～
鎳鎘電(dian)池種類(lei)繁多(duo)，有放置用的大型電(dian)池（多(duo)數20Ah以上）和小(xiao)型密封(feng)型電池(chi)，6Ah以下的圓柱形和扁平形電池(chi)，0．5Ah以下的紐(niu)扣式電池。日本三洋公司生產40～2000mAh的(de) 95種型號的鎳鎘電池，按用途有 8類(lei)電池(chi)：一(yi)般用（標準(zhun)型(xing)）、 高(gao)容量（E型）、 快速充電用(yong)（R型(xing)）、 高溫用（H型）、耐(nai)熱用（K型(xing)）、 長壽命(ming)（C型(xing)）、保護(hu)記憶用（S型(xing)）、 扁平形（KF型(xing)(xing)）、標準型(xing)(xing)典(dian)型(xing)(xing)電池(chi)為 AA型，容量為600mAh，尺寸為14．2mmX 50．
質量為(wei) 23克，內阻(zu)為12mΩ。AAA型(xing)的(de)容(rong)量為 250mAh，尺寸為10．5mm X 44．5mm，質量為(wei)11克，內阻24Ω。
鎳鎘電池正極板上的活性物質由氧化鎳粉和石墨粉組成，石墨不參加化學反應，其主要作用是增強導電性。負極板上的活性物質由氧化鋁粉和氧化鐵粉組成，氧化鐵粉的作用是使氧化鋁粉有較高的擴散性，防止結塊，并增加極板的容量。活性物質分別包在穿孔鋼帶中，加壓成型后即成為電池的正負極板。極板間用耐堿的硬橡膠絕緣棍或有孔的聚氯乙烯瓦楞板隔開。電解液通常用氫氧化鉀溶液。與其他電池相比，鎳錫電池的自放電率（電池不使用時失去電荷的速率）適中。鎳鎘電池在使用過程中，如果放電不完全就又充電，下次再放電時，就不能放出全部的電量。比如，放出80％電量后再充足電，該電池只能放出80％的電量，這就是所謂的記憶效應。當然，幾次完整的放電／充電循環將使鎳鎘電池恢復正常工作。
由于鎳鎘電池的記憶效應，若未完全放電，應在充電前將每節電池放電至 1V以下。
2）鎳氫電池。鎳氫電池是生產了幾年的新電池，又稱為貯氫電池。20世紀70年代，荷蘭飛利浦實驗室在研究第一代稀土永磁合金時，試驗了LaNi5的磁性能，競意外地發現了 LaNi5有很好的貯氫性能，但深入研究發現對貯氫合金不適用，因為平衡壓太高，循環壽命太短，進一步研究和改進發現，這些缺點都可克服，從而為發展貯氫電池奠定了技術基礎。
兩者有相同的工作電壓1．2V，因此這兩種電池有良好的互換性。
鎳氫電池的能量高，為鎳鎘電池的1．8～2倍，鉛酸電池的3倍，有良好的充放電性能，可隨充隨放，快充深放，無記憶效應，特別不含鎘、鉛、汞等有害物質，對環境無污染，被稱為綠色電池。
鎳氫電池與鎳鎘電池類似，多種多樣。有圓柱形和扁平形的小電池，有紐扣式電池，也有方形蓄電池組作為動力電池用，容量為10～20Ah。日本三洋公司生產的 AA型的容量為1100mAh，尺寸為 14．2mm X 50．0mm，質量為27克，AAA型的容量為 650mAh，尺寸為10．
鎳氫電池具有較好的低溫放電特性，即使在一
鎳鎘電池與鎳氫電池的充電過程非常相似，都要求恒流充電。兩者的差別主要在快速充電的終止檢測方法上，以防止電池過充電。充電器對電池進行恒流充電，同時檢測電池的電壓和其他參數。當電池電壓緩慢上升達到一個峰值時，對鎳氫電池快速充電終止，而鎳鎘電池則當電池電壓第一次下降了一個ΔV時終止快速充電。為避免損壞電池，電池溫度過低時不能開始快速充電，電池溫度 Tmin低于
3）鋰離子電池。鋰離子電池是繼鎳氫電池后發展的新一代的二次電池。鋰位于元素周期表第一族主族第一位上，是金屬中最輕的元素，有最負的標準電位，組成電池能量密度大和電壓高。鋰離子電池負極電位相對鋰電極為正，正極電位為4．OV，該電池的工作電壓高，約3．6V。高電壓是個優點，一個鋰離子電池相當于三個鎳氫電池或鎳鎘電池，但這也是個缺點，因為移動電話芯片電壓趨向下降，這將挑戰3．6V 鋰離子電池的應用。鋰離子電池有高的比能量，為鎳氫電池的1．5倍和鉛酸電池的3倍，放電曲線平穩，自放電率低，循環壽命長，與鎳氫電池一樣，無記憶效應和不污染環境，也為綠色電池。
鋰離子電池采用卷繞式結構，蓋體設計強化了安全保護功能。對于這種高比能量電池，必須經過規范的安全檢測評估。鎳氫和鎳鎘電池的電解液是水溶液，而鋰離子電池必需用非水性電解液，其電導率低得多，因此電極要大大減薄，有著不同的電極制備工藝，制備又薄又長的正負電極。鋰離子電池同樣有圓柱式、扁平式、紐扣式和動力用電池組。Sony公司的 14500電池容量為 500mAh，尺寸為 14．3mmX 50．
鋰離子電池能夠很好地配合電子產品小型化、袖珍化的發展方向，移動電話和筆記本電腦要求又薄又輕的二次電池，三洋超薄鋰離子電池僅
鋰(li)離子電(dian)池易(yi)受到過充(chong)電(dian)、深放電(dian)以及短路的損(sun)害。單(dan)體(ti)鋰(li)離子電(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓必須嚴格限(xian)制。充(chong)電(dian)速(su)率通(tong)常(chang)不(bu)超(chao)過
2．二次電(dian)池性能(neng)比較(jiao)
表(biao)1。l為鉛(qian)酸、鎳銅(tong)、鎳氫、鋰離子電池特性的比較。
20世紀80年代的便(bian)攜式電子(zi)設備(bei)，如數字無(wu)繩電話、隨身聽(ting)和電動(dong)剃須刀等(deng)，主要由鎳(nie)鎘電池供電。到(dao)了20世紀90年代后(hou)期(qi)，鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)逐漸進入市場并得以廣泛應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。因為鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)價格(ge)比鎳(nie)氫(qing)和(he)鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)便宜，所以鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在低端應(ying)(ying)用(yong)中(zhong)十分普遍。鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)可提供最高的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流，適合短時間內需要大功(gong)率輸(shu)出的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。
鎳鎘電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)缺點是被(bei)所謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)記憶效應(ying)困(kun)擾（現在的(de)(de)(de)鎳鎘電(dian)池很少考慮這個因素）， 使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)降低。鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在未完全放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的情況(kuang)下再充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，一些活性物(wu)質(zhi)會累積并且(qie)開始(shi)結晶（在陽極有100μm的銅累積層）， 但通過化學反應(ying)這層(ceng)物質會自(zi)行消失（一(yi)塊全新電池的(de)陽極大(da)約有l00μm厚(hou)度的鎘結晶）， 出現記(ji)憶(yi)效應會導致電(dian)(dian)池容量越來越小，端電(dian)(dian)壓越來越低(di)，使得(de)電(dian)(dian)池到達(da)最(zui)低(di)可用(yong)端電(dian)(dian)壓（關斷點(dian)）的時間比預期的早很多，如(ru)圖1-1所(suo)示。鎳鎘(ge)電池的另一(yi)個缺(que)點是它的活性物質(zhi)中含有有毒的鎘(ge)。
鎳氫電池比鎳鎘電池環保，但是價格高。鎳氫電池的放電電流相比鎳鎘電池略小，但也受惰性效應的影響。惰性效應是比鎳鎘電池記憶效應稍輕的一種現象。惰性效應是由于鎳的結晶導致的。惰性效應和記憶效應一樣，導致無法完全使用可充電電池的全部容量，但都可以通過使用帶有放電功能的充電器來避免。
鋰(li)離(li)子可(ke)充電電池價格最高，但具(ju)有高的能量密度(du)，因(yin)而可(ke)以在給定尺寸下提供更優性能，更適合小尺寸、高集成度(du)的便攜式電子設備。
隨著新(xin)(xin)(xin)材料(liao)、新(xin)(xin)(xin)工(gong)藝的出(chu)現(xian)，更(geng)為(wei)先進耐(nai)用的可(ke)再充電電池也(ye)在不(bu)斷出(chu)現(xian)。國(guo)外最新(xin)(xin)(xin)開發的固態聚合物（電解(jie)質）鋰離子電池、鋰金屬電池不(bu)僅解(jie)決了漏液問題，而且(qie)電池的容量更(geng)大，體(ti)積更(geng)小，更(geng)為(wei)安(an)全可(ke)靠，它們必將(jiang)成(cheng)為(wei)極有(you)潛力(li)的新(xin)(xin)(xin)一代電池產品。
3．鎳氫(qing)／鎳鎘電(dian)池與鋰離(li)子電(dian)池的差異
1）質(zhi)量方面。以每一(yi)個單(dan)元電(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)壓來看，鎳氫(qing)與鎳鎘都是1．2V，而鋰離子(zi)電池卻為3．6V，鋰離子(zi)電池的電壓是前兩者的3倍(bei)。并且同型電(dian)池(chi)的質量鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)與鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)幾乎相等，而(er)鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)卻比較重。每一種電(dian)池(chi)本身質量不同，但鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)因3．6V高電(dian)壓，在輸出(chu)同等電(dian)壓的(de)情(qing)況下使單個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)組合時(shi)數目可減少 1/3而使成型后的電池(chi)質量(liang)和體積(ji)減小。
2）記憶效應。鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)池有惰(duo)性效應；鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池有記憶效應，因此，定(ding)期的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)管理(li)也是必需的(de)(de)。這種定(ding)期放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)管理(li)屬(shu)于模糊狀態下(xia)被動處理(li)，甚至也有些在不正確的(de)(de)情況下(xia)進(jin)行放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)（每次(ci)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)或者使用幾(ji)次(ci)后進(jin)行放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)都因電(dian)(dian)池生產廠(chang)的(de)(de)不同而有所差異(yi)）， 這(zhe)種繁(fan)瑣的放(fang)電管理(li)在使用鎳鎘/鎳氫電池時是無法避免的。相對的鋰離子電池因為完全沒有記憶效應，在使用上非常方便簡單，它完全不必考慮二次電池殘余電壓的多少，直接可進行充電，充電時間自然可以縮短。
記(ji)憶效(xiao)應(ying)是(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)一(yi)大(da)天敵，一(yi)般認為是(shi)長期不(bu)正確(que)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導致的(de)(de)，它(ta)可(ke)以使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)早衰。記(ji)憶效(xiao)應(ying)可(ke)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)無法(fa)有效(xiao)地充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，出現(xian)一(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)滿、一(yi)用就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)完(wan)的(de)(de)現(xian)象。防(fang)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出現(xian)記(ji)憶效(xiao)應(ying)的(de)(de)方法(fa)是(shi)確(que)保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)放光”的(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze)，也就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)說(shuo)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前最好將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內殘余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量放光，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時要一(yi)次(ci)充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)。通常鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容易出現(xian)記(ji)憶效(xiao)應(ying)，所以充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時要特別注意，鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)理論上(shang)沒有記(ji)憶效(xiao)應(ying)，但最好也遵循“充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)放光”的(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze)，這也就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)很(hen)多充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器提(ti)供放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)附加功(gong)能的(de)(de)原(yuan)因。對于(yu)由于(yu)記(ji)憶效(xiao)應(ying)引起容量下降的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，可(ke)以通過一(yi)次(ci)性充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)再(zai)一(yi)次(ci)性放光的(de)(de)方法(fa)反復數次(ci)，大(da)部分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)都(dou)可(ke)以得(de)到修復。
3）自放(fang)電率(lv)。鎳鎘(ge)電池的自放(fang)電率(lv)為15％～30％（月(yue)）， 鎳(nie)氫電池的自放電率(lv)為(wei)25％～35％（月），鋰離子電池的自放電率(lv)為2％～5％（月），鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率最大(da)，而鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率最低。
4）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式一直是人們關(guan)心(xin)的(de)(de)焦點，正(zheng)確、良好的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)可以確保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽命。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)推薦的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)多種(zhong)多樣，不同(tong)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)對(dui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)結構(gou)有(you)不同(tong)的(de)(de)要求，自(zi)然影響到(dao)成本。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間和充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)關系為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量除以(yi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)得到(dao)(dao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間，考慮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)損耗，所(suo)以(yi)將計算得到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間應再(zai)乘以(yi)1．2這個常數。
對于鎳鎘和(he)鎳氫電池最常(chang)用的簡單(dan)充電方法是(shi)利(li)用10％C恒流(liu)充電，又(you)被稱(cheng)為(wei)“慢充”，即按照電流(liu)容量數(shu)值的10％確定充(chong)電電流，如一(yi)節(jie)標稱容量為500mAh的(de)(de)電池，它的(de)(de)建議充電電流為50mA；又如(ru)一節標稱容量為1300mAh的(de)電池，它的(de)建(jian)議(yi)充電電流為(wei)13 0 mA。在(zai)此(ci)電(dian)流下連續充電(dian)12～15 h就(jiu)可以視為電池充滿。雖然建議使用恒流充電但要求并不嚴格，電流允(yun)許有較大(da)的(de)波(bo)動，所以按照此方法制作的(de)充電器結構非常簡單，一般只(zhi)需要一個(ge)將(jiang)220V市電(dian)轉換成(cheng)適(shi)當低壓的(de)變(bian)壓器、整流的(de)二(er)極(ji)管、限流電(dian)阻以及一些發(fa)光二(er)極(ji)管等指(zhi)示裝置(zhi)構成(cheng)低成(cheng)本的(de)充電(dian)器，市面(mian)上絕大部(bu)分獨立常規充電(dian)器都采用(yong)這種(zhong)方式(shi)，只不過(guo)外形不同罷了。“慢充”雖然(ran)比較簡單，但是給電(dian)池充一次電(dian)需要十多個小時(shi)，為此，電(dian)池廠商也(ye)允許在(zai)急(ji)需使用(yong)時(shi)用(yong) 3 0％C的電(dian)(dian)流給電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian) 4～5 h，稱之(zhi)為“快充”，不(bu)過(guo)不(bu)建議(yi)常用(yong)，理(li)論上對電池有輕微的損(sun)害。所以大(da)部分(fen)常規充(chong)(chong)電器(qi)都有“快充(chong)(chong)”和“慢充(chong)(chong)”兩擋，并建議(yi)用(yong)戶使用(yong)“慢充(chong)(chong)”。
在(zai)很多情況下(xia)用戶(hu)需(xu)要對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池快速、有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)、安全地充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就需(xu)要使(shi)用較大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中會(hui)出現極化(hua)效(xiao)(xiao)應，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池發熱，而且當(dang)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿后，如果不及時(shi)(shi)停(ting)止，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會(hui)迅速發熱，嚴重時(shi)(shi)可導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池燒(shao)毀和爆炸。所(suo)以要求快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)具(ju)備充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿自停(ting)功能，同時(shi)(shi)也要解決(jue)極化(hua)效(xiao)(xiao)應，使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高效(xiao)(xiao)安全。早(zao)期的(de)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)采(cai)(cai)用簡單的(de)定時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不過此類充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)針(zhen)對性(xing)強，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)(xiao)果也不令人滿意。現代的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)采(cai)(cai)用專用的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制IC，以高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)脈(mo)動電(dian)(dian)流給電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)以解決(jue)極化效應(ying)，通過檢測電(dian)(dian)池一出準確判斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)池是否(fou)充滿，并提供溫度(du)保(bao)(bao)護等保(bao)(bao)護措施和放(fang)電(dian)(dian)等附加功能(neng)。不(bu)過這種充電(dian)(dian)器結構(gou)比較復雜，成本也比較高(gao)(gao)，一般多用(yong)于移(yi)動電(dian)(dian)話、對(dui)講機等高(gao)(gao)檔通信設備(bei)及電(dian)(dian)器。
6．各種(zhong)電池的(de)優缺點
鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池(chi)最(zui)為堅固耐(nai)用，每塊(kuai)鎳(nie)鋼電(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)壓為1．2V，多數應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)需要多個電(dian)池(chi)串聯或并聯才能滿足要求。鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)中的最大(da)問題是它具有記憶效應(ying)(ying)(ying)，這(zhe)一(yi)點(dian)嚴(yan)重限制了它在高端設(she)備中的應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)。
考慮到回收和環保問(wen)題，鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)其他產品(pin)中的應用也(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少。與其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相比，鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率、使用壽命都(dou)令人非常(chang)滿意(yi)，而且(qie)在(zai)極差的溫度條件下(xia)也(ye)能保持良好的性能。但(dan)是，盡(jin)管鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)經濟，但(dan)它的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量也(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低，相同(tong)的鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)工作時間大約只有(you)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的一半，因(yin)此多數鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都(dou)沉(chen)重且(qie)體積龐大。
鎳(nie)氫電池沒(mei)有鎳(nie)鎘電池那么堅(jian)固耐用，在(zai)能量密度上(shang)也無法(fa)與鋰離子(zi)電池競(jing)爭(zheng)，但與鎳(nie)鎘電池相(xiang)比它具(ju)有更佳的性價比。鎳(nie)氫電池的電壓與鎳(nie)鎘電池的相(xiang)同(tong)，每塊電池為1．2V。由于(yu)主(zhu)要(yao)的電(dian)池應(ying)用(yong)市場(chang)如筆記(ji)本電(dian)腦及移動電(dian)話(hua)開始(shi)轉為使用(yong)鋰離子電(dian)池，鎳氫電(dian)池的研發(fa)有所放緩，從理論(lun)上說，現有鎳氫電(dian)池的電(dian)量也(ye)快接近其(qi)極限。因此，目(mu)前的研發(fa)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)增強其(qi)耐用(yong)性，以便適用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)動工(gong)具和混合電(dian)動汽車等(deng)其(qi)他市場(chang)。
從鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)開始進入市(shi)場至(zhi)今已十幾年，由于日益(yi)成(cheng)熟，鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)也變得更為堅固(gu)耐用，價(jia)格(ge)也有所下降。單個鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的電(dian)壓力3．7V，與三節鎳鎘電(dian)池或鎳氫電(dian)池一樣。能(neng)量(liang)密度高和自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)低是鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池在市場上成(cheng)功的法寶，目前這(zhe)種電(dian)池還開發增加了許多新的性能(neng)。例如，鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池廠商正在開發無需保護電(dian)路的產品(pin)，以便進一步(bu)降(jiang)低其成(cheng)本。
1．2．1 鎳鎘電池(chi)的結構(gou)與特性(xing)
1899年，Waldmar Jungner在開口型鎳鎘電池中首(shou)先(xian)使用了(le)鎳極板，幾(ji)乎(hu)與此同時，Thomas Edison發明(ming)了(le)用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)動車(che)的鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池。但因當時這(zhe)些(xie)堿性蓄電(dian)池的極板材料比其他蓄電(dian)池的村料貴得多，因此(ci)實(shi)際(ji)應(ying)用(yong)受到了(le)極大的限制。Jungner的鎳鎘電池經過幾次重要改(gai)進，性能明顯改(gai)善。其中最重要的改(gai)進是在(zai)1932年，在鎳(nie)電池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)開始使用了活性物(wu)質(zhi)。將活性物(wu)質(zhi)放(fang)人多(duo)孔的鎳(nie)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)中(zhong)，然后再將鎳(nie)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)裝人金屬殼內。鎳(nie)鎘電池(chi)(chi)發展史上(shang)另一個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)的里程碑是(shi)1947年(nian)密封型鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)研(yan)制成(cheng)功(gong)。在(zai)(zai)這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中，化(hua)學反應產生的(de)(de)各種(zhong)氣體不(bu)用(yong)排出，可以在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部化(hua)合。密封鎳鋼(gang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)研(yan)制成(cheng)功(gong)，使鎳鋼(gang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)應用(yong)范圍大大增加.
1．鎳鎘電池的特性
鎳鎘(NiCd)電池(chi)要求恒流充電，充電器(qi)對電池(chi)進(jin)行恒流充電的(de)同時檢測電池(chi)的(de)電壓(ya)和其(qi)他參數。當電池(chi)電壓(ya)第一次下降(jiang)了(le)一個-ΔU時(shi)終止快速(su)充電(dian)(dian)。為(wei)避免損壞電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫(wen)度(du)過低時(shi)不能(neng)開(kai)始快速(su)充電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫(wen)度(du) Tmin低于 100C時，應轉入(ru)涓流充電(dian)方式。而電(dian)池溫度一旦達到(dao)規定(ding)數值(zhi)后(hou)，必須(xu)立即(ji)停(ting)止充電(dian)。密封(feng)鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池效率高、循(xun)環壽命長、能(neng)量(liang)密度大、體(ti)積(ji)小(xiao)、質量(liang)輕、結構緊湊，并且不需要(yao)維護，因(yin)此在(zai)工業和消費產(chan)品中得(de)到(dao)了廣(guang)泛的應用。
(1）鎳鋼電池的基(ji)本特性。
l）鎳鎘電池可重復(fu)500次以上的充放電，非常經(jing)濟。
2）鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池內阻(zu)小(xiao)，可(ke)供大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的放電(dian)(dian)，放電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)壓的變化很(hen)小(xiao)，作為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源是一種質量極佳的電(dian)(dian)池。
3）因為鎳鎘電池采用完(wan)全(quan)密封(feng)式，因此不會有電解液漏出的現象，也完(wan)全(quan)不需要補(bu)充電解液。
4）與其他種類電(dian)(dian)池(chi)相比(bi)，鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)可耐過充電(dian)(dian)或(huo)過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，操作(zuo)簡單方便(bian)。
5）鎳鎘電池在(zai)長時間的(de)(de)放置下也不(bu)會使性能劣(lie)化(hua)，當充(chong)分充(chong)完電后(hou)即可(ke)恢復原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)特(te)性。
6）鎳鎘電池可使用在很廣(guang)的溫度(du)范圍內(nei)。
7）因為(wei)鎳鎘電池采用金屬容(rong)器(qi)，因此具有機(ji)械的(de)堅固性(xing)。
(2）鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池放電(dian)特(te)性。
l）鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓依據其放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流多少有(you)些差異，大體上(shang)是1．2V左右。
2）當放電達到放電終(zhong)(zhong)了的極限電壓(ya)稱之為(wei)(wei)“放電終(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)電壓(ya)”，鎳(nie)鎘電池的放電終(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)電壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)1．0 V／單格。
3）鎳鎘電(dian)池使用溫(wen)度(du)范圍為(wei)一20～
4）鎳鎘電池可為一(yi)30～
5）鎳鎘電池在充電狀態(tai)或(huo)者是放電狀態(tai)保(bao)存都(dou)可以，但是比較(jiao)之下放電狀態(tai)可使(shi)容量(liang)較(jiao)早恢復并且較(jiao)易被激活。
6）當(dang)鎳(nie)鎘電池在長時間放置后，使(shi)用前必須充分地充電后再(zai)使(shi)用。
2．鎳鎘電池參數
鎳鎘電池的(de)5個主要參數為：電池的容量、標稱電壓、內阻、放電終止電壓和充電終止電壓。電池的容量通常用Ah（安時）表(biao)示，1Ah就是能在1A的電流下放電1h。單元電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內活(huo)性(xing)物質的(de)數量(liang)決(jue)定單元電(dian)(dian)(dian)池含(han)有的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷量(liang)，而活(huo)性(xing)物質的(de)含(han)量(liang)則由電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)用的(de)材料(liao)和體(ti)積(ji)決(jue)定，因此(ci)，通常(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池體(ti)積(ji)越(yue)大，容量(liang)越(yue)高。與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)相關(guan)的(de)一個參數是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)通常(chang)用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速率C表示，C為電池的額定容量。例如，用2A電流(liu)對1Ah電(dian)池充電(dian)，充電(dian)速(su)率就(jiu)是2C；同樣地，用2A電流對500mAh電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)，充電(dian)速(su)率就是 4C。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)剛出廠時(shi)，正負(fu)極之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)勢差稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)標稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。標稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)由極板材料的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)位和(he)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)的(de)濃度決定(ding)。當環境溫(wen)度、使用(yong)時(shi)間和(he)工作狀態(tai)變(bian)化時(shi)，單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)略有變(bian)化，此外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)剩余電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)也(ye)有一定(ding)的(de)關系。單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)標稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)約為1．2V（但(dan)一(yi)般認為是1．25V）.
電(dian)(dian)池的(de)內(nei)阻(zu)決定于極板的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)和(he)離(li)子流的(de)阻(zu)抗(kang)，在充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)過程中，極板的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)是(shi)不變的(de)，但是(shi)離(li)子流的(de)阻(zu)抗(kang)將隨電(dian)(dian)解液濃度(du)的(de)變化和(he)帶電(dian)(dian)離(li)子的(de)增(zeng)減而變化。
電池(chi)充(chong)(chong)足電時，極(ji)板上的(de)活性物質已達到飽和狀態，再繼續充(chong)(chong)電, ，電池(chi)的(de)電壓(ya)(ya)也(ye)不會(hui)上升(sheng)，此時的(de)電壓(ya)(ya)稱為充(chong)(chong)電終止(zhi)(zhi)電壓(ya)(ya)。鎳鎘電池(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電終止(zhi)(zhi)電壓(ya)(ya)為1．7 5～1．8V。
放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時允(yun)許(xu)的(de)(de)(de)最低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)繼(ji)續(xu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會(hui)迅(xun)速(su)下降(jiang)，形成(cheng)深度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣(yang)極板上形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)生成(cheng)物在正(zheng)常(chang)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時就不易再恢復，從而影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壽命。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率有關。鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率的(de)(de)(de)