充電器(Charger)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)為(wei)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置提(ti)供能量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)，廣泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)手機(ji)、相機(ji)、MP3、MP4等常(chang)見數(shu)碼(ma)產品。市(shi)場上的(de)(de)(de)產品都是(shi)配售充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，使用(yong)(yong)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)有(you)些沒有(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)場合或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)源插座不兼容、偏遠(yuan)地區、旅行中(zhong)，特別(bie)是(shi)沒有(you)任(ren)何電(dian)(dian)(dian)源情況下(xia)不方(fang)便充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)源數(shu)碼(ma)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)可以(yi)在任(ren)何情況下(xia)進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒有(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，可以(yi)用(yong)(yong)2節1．5 V干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒有(you)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池也(ye)可用(yong)(yong)3．7 V內部蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，即使沒有(you)任(ren)何充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)，也(ye)可以(yi)用(yong)(yong)手壓發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)來給數(shu)碼(ma)產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)上介紹的(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)本充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)特別(bie)之處，也(ye)是(shi)該設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)特別(bie)之處：即隨時(shi)隨地給數(shu)碼(ma)產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國家有關標(biao)準，移動通信(xin)手持機充(chong)電器應符合如下要求：

　　1)輸(shu)入(ru)電壓 交流充電器輸(shu)入(ru)額度交流電壓范圍應為100～240 V，容(rong)差為±10％。

　　2)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)壓 充電(dian)器的(de)額度輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)壓應為(wei)直流5 V，容差(cha)為(wei)±5％。

　　3)輸出電(dian)流(liu) 充電(dian)器的額度輸出電(dian)流(liu)范圍應為(wei)300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出波(bo)(bo)紋 ①輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)波(bo)(bo)紋：輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(90～264 V)時(shi)(shi)，模擬負(fu)載(zai)(zai)上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出波(bo)(bo)紋極(ji)限(xian)(xian)小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)等(deng)于(yu)100 mA峰值(zhi)。②輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波(bo)(bo)紋：輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(90～264 V)時(shi)(shi)，模擬負(fu)載(zai)(zai)上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出波(bo)(bo)紋極(ji)限(xian)(xian)小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)等(deng)于(yu)200 mV峰值(zhi)。③短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)：輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(90～264V)時(shi)(shi)，負(fu)載(zai)(zai)短(duan)路，短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)限(xian)(xian)值(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)950 mA。

　　5)電(dian)流(liu)倒灌 在任何情況下，無(wu)論充(chong)電(dian)器是否插上電(dian)源(yuan)，由手(shou)持(chi)機測(ce)流(liu)向充(chong)電(dian)器的(de)電(dian)流(liu)應不大(da)于(yu)5 mA。

　　6)無負載(zai)能量消(xiao)耗(hao)輸入電壓(ya)(100～240 V)時，負載(zai)開(kai)路，輸出波紋(wen)極(ji)限小于300 mW。

　　7)充電(dian)器平均效率 充電(dian)器平均效率應不小(xiao)于50％。

　　8)干電池充電設計要求 充電電流不高于200 mA。

　　2 系統整體(ti)設計(ji)

　　充電器(qi)分(fen)為高壓、充電管理(li)、升壓、邏輯控制照明燈、內(nei)部(bu)蓄電池、干(gan)電池、手(shou)動按(an)壓等功能模塊。系(xi)統整(zheng)體結(jie)構框圖(tu)如圖(tu)1所示。

　　2．1 高壓模塊

　　該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路接通(tong)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)220 V經(jing)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)橋后，形成直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，經(jing)C1，C2濾波(bo)后，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)經(jing)開(kai)關(guan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)1，2引腳(jiao)施加(jia)到三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)C極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，同時(shi)(shi)該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(B)提供(gong)一(yi)個正向偏置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，使(shi)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2導通(tong)。R4，無極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4和肖特基(ji)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD3起保(bao)護(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)用。此時(shi)(shi)振蕩(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路開(kai)始(shi)工作(zuo)(zuo)，開(kai)關(guan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)l，2腳(jiao)中(zhong)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)過(guo)，在(zai)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)3，4腳(jiao)的(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R12加(jia)到三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，使(shi)VQ2的(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)導通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)加(jia)大(da)，迅速進入(ru)飽和區(qu)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)大(da)于0．5 A，U2導通(tong)，把VQ2的(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)拉低(di)，集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)開(kai)始(shi)減少，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)T1的(de)(de)1，2引腳(jiao)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)磁通(tong)量也開(kai)始(shi)減少。VQ3部分(fen)為(wei)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)作(zuo)(zuo)用，當R23，R24增大(da)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)減少，減少時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)增大(da)。TL431為(wei)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)源，輸出(chu)(chu)穩定(ding)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)5 V，使(shi)光(guang)耦工作(zuo)(zuo)，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)才不斷的(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)振蕩(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，在(zai)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)Tl的(de)(de)6引腳(jiao)感應出(chu)(chu)一(yi)個5 V的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，經(jing)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD4整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4，C5濾波(bo)后，通(tong)過(guo)標準(zhun)USB為(wei)外(wai)部數碼產(chan)品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖2為(wei)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)模塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖。

　　2．2 充電管理器件BQ2057

　　此充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，接通市電(dian)(dian)(dian)后為(wei)(wei)內部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)同時，此器件的(de)(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)4．2 V，從而通過SMT插座為(wei)(wei)外部數碼產品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開始恒流(liu)并(bing)且逐(zhu)漸(jian)下降，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐(zhu)漸(jian)上升最后恒壓(ya)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)接近零時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)完成(cheng)。

　　2．3 邏輯控(kong)制照明燈模塊

　　當接入(ru)干電池時，按一下(xia)開(kai)關(guan)燈亮，再(zai)按一下(xia)燈滅。這個模(mo)塊里的燈為手(shou)電筒用(yong)于照明，其電流(liu)不超過200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的(de)充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)都(dou)為單(dan)面板，并且(qie)體積(ji)比(bi)較小(xiao)，而(er)研(yan)制的(de)充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)為雙面板，考慮(lv)到充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)外殼的(de)形狀和大小(xiao)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件貼片(pian)的(de)較多；因為有手(shou)壓裝置，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)要(yao)注意(yi)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件的(de)擺放位置。

　　4 數據測量

　　根(gen)據國家(jia)標準(zhun)的要求，在(zai)(zai)實驗中：1)當輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范圍在(zai)(zai)90～264 V之間時(shi)(shi)，空載(zai)(zai)時(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)出直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)在(zai)(zai)4．77～4．96 V，輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)(zai)O．31～0．32 A；2)在(zai)(zai)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)波紋時(shi)(shi)，噪聲很(hen)少，輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)90～260 V時(shi)(shi)模(mo)擬負(fu)載(zai)(zai)上電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)波紋限(xian)值150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在(zai)(zai)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波紋時(shi)(shi)，輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)90～260 V時(shi)(shi)模(mo)擬負(fu)載(zai)(zai)上電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波紋限(xian)值150～160 mV；4)當輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)9～260 V負(fu)載(zai)(zai)短路時(shi)(shi)，短路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)限(xian)值540～800 mA：5)當輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)100～260 V空載(zai)(zai)時(shi)(shi)功率消耗限(xian)值為2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)220 V，輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)12 mA時(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)入功率為640 mW。輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)5．1 V，輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)0．3 A時(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)出功率為1 530 mW：7)平(ping)均效率為57％；8)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量過程中電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)無倒灌現象。此(ci)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)結果表明本充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器完全符合國家(jia)標準(zhun)。

　　利用(yong)高壓模(mo)(mo)塊和(he)充電(dian)(dian)管理模(mo)(mo)塊為(wei)外(wai)部數碼產品充電(dian)(dian)，并且給出(chu)充電(dian)(dian)過程中電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)流的測(ce)試數據及其變化趨勢(shi)。

　　1)通過(guo)市電(dian)利用標準USB給(gei)外(wai)部數(shu)碼產品充電(dian)，電(dian)池(chi)為910mAh，每(mei)隔l min記一次電(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的變(bian)化，此實驗的數(shu)據如表1。充電(dian)過(guo)程電(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)變(bian)化趨勢如圖(tu)3所示，從(cong)圖(tu)3中可(ke)明顯看出，充電(dian)過(guo)程的電(dian)壓(ya)由(you)開始5．28 V