鉛酸蓄電(dian)池的“硫化”與去“硫化”

“硫化”是鉛酸蓄(xu)電池的致命殺(sha)手

中國是(shi)鉛(qian)酸蓄電池的產銷大(da)國。鉛(qian)酸蓄電池已有200多年的歷史，是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)應(ying)用廣泛的動力電源。具有材(cai)料(liao)易(yi)得，價格低廉，放電量大(da)，可(ke)靠性高等優點。目(mu)前市場占有率很高，且今后很長一(yi)段時間內(nei)不可(ke)完全替(ti)代。

鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的設計壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命在5年左右，但在實(shi)際(ji)(ji)使用(yong)過程中，通常在6――12個月容(rong)(rong)量便逐漸下降，實(shi)際(ji)(ji)使用(yong)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命只有一(yi)年左右。經過剖析大量失效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發現(xian)，失效(xiao)的狀況有以(yi)下幾種(zhong)：硫(liu)化，失水，配組(zu)不平衡，軟化，短路，開路。其(qi)中“硫(liu)化”（硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛結晶）占失效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的90%以(yi)上，它引起蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)(rong)量下降，成(cheng)為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命終(zhong)止的主要原因。

鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)是電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反應(ying)的過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)形(xing)(xing)成氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)，放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)又(you)還(huan)原成硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)。而(er)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)是一種(zhong)容易(yi)結晶(jing)(jing)的物質。如果(guo)經常充(chong)電(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)足，不(bu)(bu)及時(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)、長(chang)(chang)期過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)或者電(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)濃度過(guo)(guo)高、電(dian)(dian)池靜(jing)態閑(xian)置(zhi)時(shi)(shi)間過(guo)(guo)長(chang)(chang)時(shi)(shi)，會結成小晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)。這些小晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)再(zai)吸附周圍(wei)的硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)，就像(xiang)滾雪球一樣(yang)形(xing)(xing)成大的惰性結晶(jing)(jing)。結晶(jing)(jing)后的硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)但不(bu)(bu)能再(zai)還(huan)原成氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)，還(huan)會沉(chen)淀(dian)附著在電(dian)(dian)極(ji)板上(shang)，造成極(ji)板工(gong)作面下(xia)降，這一現象叫“硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)”，也就是常說的老(lao)化(hua)。

硫酸鉛晶(jing)(jing)體是一種絕(jue)緣體，它的(de)形成必將對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充放電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)產生(sheng)很大(da)的(de)負面影響。在(zai)負極板上形成的(de)硫酸鉛結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)越(yue)多，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)內阻越(yue)大(da)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充放電(dian)(dian)的(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)越(yue)差，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)使用壽命就越(yue)短。

另外，當硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)結晶大量堆積時(shi)，還會(hui)吸引鉛(qian)微粒形(xing)成鉛(qian)枝(zhi)(zhi)，正負極板(ban)間的(de)鉛(qian)枝(zhi)(zhi)搭橋就(jiu)造(zao)成電池的(de)短路。如果極板(ban)表面或密封塑殼(ke)有(you)縫隙，硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)結晶就(jiu)會(hui)在這(zhe)些縫隙內堆積，并產(chan)生膨(peng)脹力，最終使極板(ban)斷(duan)裂(lie)脫落或外殼(ke)破裂(lie)，造(zao)成蓄電池不可修復的(de)物理損壞。

綜(zong)上(shang)所述(shu)可(ke)以(yi)看(kan)出，導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)鉛酸蓄(xu)電池損壞的主(zhu)要機理是蓄(xu)電池本身無法避免的“硫(liu)(liu)化”，可(ke)以(yi)說“硫(liu)(liu)化”是鉛酸蓄(xu)電池的致(zhi)(zhi)命殺手。如能及(ji)時有效地抑制電池極板的“硫(liu)(liu)化”現象(xiang)，就可(ke)以(yi)大大延長電池的實際使用(yong)壽命。

復合脈沖充電器是去“硫化”的利器

鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)極板不可逆轉的(de)“硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)”這一(yi)難題是(shi)蓄電(dian)池(chi)領域廣大(da)行業人員不斷追求克服的(de)課題。普(pu)通充電(dian)器(qi)沒有(you)去“硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)”的(de)功效(xiao)，而大(da)電(dian)流充電(dian)、負脈沖(chong)充電(dian)去“硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)”效(xiao)果不明顯，持續(xu)時間短，且(qie)還有(you)加重(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)池(chi)失(shi)水和正(zheng)極板軟化(hua)(hua)(hua)，對電(dian)池(chi)造(zao)成嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)損傷等(deng)弊端。即使是(shi)新出現的(de)所謂脈沖(chong)充電(dian)，對比較(jiao)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)“硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)”也作用不大(da)。

根據最新理論，去“硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)”最好的是采用復合(he)脈沖(chong)充電。高(gao)頻率的復合(he)脈沖(chong)與電池中的硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)發生共振能有效打開(kai)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛的晶(jing)格，使(shi)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)離子(zi)(zi)和(he)鉛離子(zi)(zi)，改(gai)變(bian)電解質(zhi)的成分(fen)和(he)性質(zhi)。打開(kai)離子(zi)(zi)通道，充分(fen)釋放(fang)并(bing)激活原活性物質(zhi)，使(shi)其具有更強的電化(hua)學能力，降低電池內阻，徹底消(xiao)除電池的“硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)”。復合(he)脈沖(chong)充電去“硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)”效率高(gao)，對電池損(sun)傷小，極(ji)大地延長電池使(shi)用壽(shou)命，是前景廣闊的先進技(ji)術。

“三合一”復合脈沖充電器的使用

1.       將“三合一(yi)”復(fu)合脈沖充電器配置在新車上作充電器使用。

鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)去“硫(liu)化(hua)”應及早進行，也就是(shi)說在新(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)較新(xin)(xin)時(shi)就進行維(wei)護和修復，能最(zui)大限度(du)地降(jiang)低“硫(liu)化(hua)”對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)損傷，最(zui)大限度(du)地充分利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)全部資源，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)性能下降(jiang)速(su)度(du)變慢很多，最(zui)大限度(du)的(de)(de)(de)延長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)使用(yong)壽命。當新(xin)(xin)車使用(yong)六個月時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)極(ji)板上已(yi)產生不(bu)同程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)，這(zhe)時(shi)可撥轉(zhuan)“三合一”充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)修復功能鍵。進行一次(ci)(ci)維(wei)護充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（只需10――12小時(shi)）即可徹底清除(chu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)極(ji)板上的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)結(jie)晶，使蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)恢復最(zui)大容量。以后每月維(wei)護充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一次(ci)(ci)，可讓蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)極(ji)板始終保持潔凈狀態，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)常年(nian)如(ru)新(xin)(xin)。

2.使用一年左右的蓄電池，一般情況下，硫化比較嚴重，容量下降、續行里程縮短，用“三合一”復合脈沖充電器連(lian)續(xu)維(wei)護充電(dian)(dian)兩(liang)次(ci)，可完(wan)全清(qing)除電(dian)(dian)池(chi)極板上已(yi)經產(chan)生(sheng)的“硫化(hua)”結晶體，使蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)重(zhong)獲新生(sheng)，性能達到新電(dian)(dian)池(chi)水平。以后每月維(wei)護充電(dian)(dian)一次(ci)，及時去除“硫化(hua)”，能成倍延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用壽命。

3.基本報(bao)廢(fei)(fei)的(de)蓄電(dian)池，只要不(bu)(bu)斷格(ge)、不(bu)(bu)脫板，嚴重(zhong)失水的(de)適當補水以后(hou)，用(yong)“三合一(yi)”復合脈沖(chong)充電(dian)器連續維(wei)護(hu)充電(dian)兩次，都能恢復80――90%的(de)容量(liang)，使報(bao)廢(fei)(fei)電(dian)池重(zhong)新獲(huo)得使用(yong)價(jia)值，以后(hou)只要定期(qi)維(wei)護(hu)，修復以后(hou)的(de)電(dian)池可長期(qi)使用(yong)。

高頻、高壓、復(fu)合(he)脈沖技術是(shi)(shi)當代電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)學理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)最新突破(po)。采用高頻、高壓、復(fu)合(he)脈沖技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)合(he)脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)去“硫化”的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)器(qi)(qi)。復(fu)合(he)脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研制成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)及推(tui)廣應用，必將(jiang)極大地(di)提(ti)升鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性能及使(shi)用價值，給鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)帶(dai)來革命性變化。目前鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)年需求量(liang)以數億計(ji)，廣泛使(shi)用復(fu)合(he)脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)后(hou)，以平均延遲電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使(shi)用壽(shou)命一年計(ji)算，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)生產企(qi)業將(jiang)節省(sheng)多(duo)少(shao)回收處(chu)理(li)廢舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本，給廣大電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)消費者節省(sheng)多(duo)少(shao)使(shi)用成(cheng)(cheng)本，減少(shao)了多(duo)少(shao)廢舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廢棄物對環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染。無疑其經濟效益(yi)和社(she)會效益(yi)是(shi)(shi)十分巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

復合脈沖充電器填補了國內空白，圓了業內幾(ji)代人的夢，確(que)實是(shi)利國利民的好產品。