鉛酸蓄電池電動車充電器充電時，有幾個關鍵參數：最高充電電壓、浮充電壓、浮充轉換電流、最大充電電流。它們應該是多少？如何制定？其中最主要的是最高充電電壓，多少為好？與析氣量、充入電容量和環境溫度又是什么關系？對此眾說不一，各電池生產廠家的要求也不一樣。最高充電電壓值相對誤差范圍是多少？我們不能脫離實際的工作對象，盲目制定出超常規的精度要求。我們接到某電動車售后服務部通知：充電器比(bi)規(gui)定電壓(ya)高0.1V，電池因此熱失控而充脹了(le)(le)；也接(jie)到通知說：電壓(ya)比(bi)規(gui)定定低0.1V，電池欠充，提前報廢。一個千分之幾的(de)(de)誤差造成如此嚴重后果，真是失之毫(hao)厘，謬(miu)之千里(li)之外，鉛(qian)酸蓄電池果真有這(zhe)么神秘嗎？為了(le)(le)解開(kai)困擾電動(dong)車充電中的(de)(de)這(zhe)個謎(mi)團，做如下(xia)實驗。

　　用(yong)一個水(shui)槽盛滿水(shui)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)在水(shui)中(zhong)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池上方有一個收集氣體用(yong)的倒(dao)扣(kou)的漏斗(dou)，漏斗(dou)頂(ding)端裝有可(ke)以計量(liang)氣體容量(liang)的注射針筒(tong)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)用(yong)可(ke)調穩壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，用(yong)兩只四位半數字萬(wan)用(yong)表測量(liang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

　　試驗時(shi)間(jian)(jian)是(shi)在冬季，水(shui)溫5℃。實驗條件是(shi)統一(yi)用2A電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓分別用43V、44V、45V輪循環依次(ci)進(jin)行，浮(fu)充轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一(yi)律(lv)400mA，記錄下每(mei)次(ci)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)，包括充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)末期隨(sui)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下降各點數據、開始析氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，按(an)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)記錄析氣(qi)量(liang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充完后，用萬分之(zhi)(zhi)幾精(jing)度的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)臺(tai)記錄放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)。充入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)是(shi)在計算紙上(shang)讀出時(shi)間(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)曲線與坐(zuo)標之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)面積（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)就是(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對(dui)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)定(ding)積分）。數據見下表(biao)：

　　得到(dao)試驗數(shu)據后，最感到(dao)驚異的(de)是：充(chong)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)多(duo)少幾(ji)乎與充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)無關(guan)。很多(duo)人認為(wei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會充(chong)不滿，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會提前鹽化報廢，特別(bie)是在(zai)冬(dong)(dong)季氣溫(wen)較低的(de)時候(hou)。而這次試驗正好是在(zai)冬(dong)(dong)季，水溫(wen)只(zhi)有5℃，試驗(yan)的中心電壓值(zhi)是44V，上(shang)下偏差1V，相對誤差是2.3%。在用43V和45V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)和放出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)相(xiang)差無幾，與大(da)家公認的(de)(de)看法大(da)相(xiang)徑庭，試驗(yan)(yan)是(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)同一(yi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，同樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)充(chong)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件，輪番做同樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)測(ce)試，實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)數據(ju)重(zhong)復同樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)規(gui)律，可(ke)排(pai)除偶(ou)然因(yin)素干擾，試驗(yan)(yan)數據(ju)是(shi)準確可(ke)信(xin)的(de)(de)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)原理(li)上看，只(zhi)要(yao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，都會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，一(yi)直到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中的(de)(de)活性物(wu)質轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換完成。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，也就是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源開(kai)始由(you)恒(heng)流區(qu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變到恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)區(qu)，這種(zhong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變是(shi)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自身充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)多少(shao)、活性物(wu)質反應了多少(shao)決定的(de)(de)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)高(gao)低(di)，僅是(shi)能(neng)進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)反應的(de)(de)條件，只(zhi)要(yao)高(gao)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，多少(shao)物(wu)質能(neng)參與反應由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自身決定。從這個思路理(li)解，就不難(nan)得(de)出，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)低(di)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)沒有多大(da)影響(xiang)。

　　從上圖表可以看出，電(dian)池在(zai)42.5V～43.5V時開始(shi)析(xi)氣,而(er)析氣(qi)(qi)的(de)速度與(yu)充(chong)電電壓有關(guan)。到充(chong)電結(jie)束時，總析氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)與(yu)充(chong)電最高(gao)電壓有關(guan)，43V與45V總(zong)析氣量相(xiang)差(cha)10位（注：以單(dan)格(ge)允許極限失水10克，18格(ge)相(xiang)當240公升(sheng)氣體(ti)，該電池45V時失水(shui)并不(bu)大）。 在充電(dian)(dian)末期電(dian)(dian)流(liu)下降區時，只要降低(di)電(dian)(dian)壓到42.5V時，析氣立(li)即(ji)停止，這時充(chong)電電流稍小一點，還(huan)會依著原(yuan)來的規律下降。

　　這里對浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)壓、浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)流討論一下(xia)。對于長(chang)期處于浮(fu)(fu)充狀態下(xia)的鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)，如后備(bei)電(dian)(dian)源上用的等，對浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)壓要(yao)求(qiu)是嚴格的。據(ju)國處文獻，浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)壓有-0.2%溫度系數，浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)偏差太(tai)大會(hui)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)鹽化。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)屬循環使用(yong)(yong)，不是(shi)(shi)處于這種狀態，不應(ying)該用(yong)(yong)套用(yong)(yong)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)狀態使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)條件，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器設定浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)僅是(shi)(shi)免(mian)于充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)末(mo)期大量析氣失水，只要(yao)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降到(dao)析氣點電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以下，但也不能(neng)低于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)而(er)停止向電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。前(qian)面說過，在浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)走勢基本還是(shi)(shi)依著原(yuan)曲線下降，一般還補足5%的容量(liang)。所(suo)以浮充電壓應在的范(fan)圍是低于(yu)析氣(qi)電壓（42.5V），高于(yu)電池(chi)充足電以后的開路端電壓(ya)（約40V）。

　　浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，只不過是選擇(ze)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)末期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)活性物質反應(ying)接近尾聲，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)自動下(xia)降到(dao)(dao)(dao)某一點時，切換浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的記號，不少人以為浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)高(gao)(gao)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會充(chong)不滿是概(gai)念不清，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓只要高(gao)(gao)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，都會對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，只不過有用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)看到(dao)(dao)(dao)指示(shi)燈紅(hong)轉綠(lv)后(hou)提前去用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，這種(zhong)情況是不多(duo)(duo)的，一般都是夜(ye)間充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，到(dao)(dao)(dao)早晨綠(lv)燈已亮了(le)多(duo)(duo)時。有的廠(chang)家使用(yong)(yong)說明書上提醒用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，在轉綠(lv)燈后(hou)繼續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)2小(xiao)時(shi)，是很好(hao)很正確的。所以沒有必要刻意去追求浮充轉(zhuan)換點的高(gao)低，一(yi)般新電池末期電流約為50mA，失水以后，酸比(bi)增高，那時可達(da)500 mA以上(shang)。從析(xi)氣速(su)率與電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的關系上(shang)來看（上(shang)圖），早(zao)點(dian)脫離(li)析(xi)氣區為好(hao)，一方(fang)面(mian)，一方(fang)面(mian)可以減少析(xi)氣量，另一方(fang)面(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池用了(le)一段時間(jian)，末期電(dian)(dian)(dian)流增(zeng)高(gao)，但還能低于我們設(she)定(ding)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，否則(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池一直在最高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)下，大量失水(shui)，引發(fa)熱(re)控，充(chong)(chong)脹充(chong)(chong)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。有人固執地強調(diao)，浮充(chong)(chong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換點(dian)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池會(hui)(hui)欠(qian)充(chong)(chong)，前(qian)面(mian)已討論過(guo)，切換到浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓后(hou)，不是停止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)，還會(hui)(hui)繼續對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流適當高(gao)一點(dian)有利于避(bi)免(mian)過(guo)分失水(shui)和熱(re)失控。

　　至于充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的大小設定，先(xian)看一下電(dian)(dian)池制造廠(chang)家對(dui)10Ah（12Ah）吸附式小型密封(feng)電池對充(chong)電時的技術要(yao)求，通常規定充(chong)電速率不要(yao)大于0.3C，相當于4A電(dian)流，而充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流在2A左右，遠離(li)極限充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在一(yi)(yi)定范圍(wei)內大一(yi)(yi)點(dian)(dian)、小一(yi)(yi)點(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)長一(yi)(yi)點(dian)(dian)、短一(yi)(yi)點(dian)(dian)，沒有很高的要求，有10%的(de)(de)誤差就行了(le)，充電(dian)器中的(de)(de)電(dian)流取(qu)樣電(dian)阻精度(du)是5%，電流的精度(du)不會高于此。

　　總而言之，不管哪家生產(chan)的(de)鉛酸閥控吸附式小(xiao)密封電池(chi)，其基本(ben)結構是完全一樣的(de)，僅(jin)極板、框架、滲入的(de)微量元素、漿料配方、硫酸濃度(du)等有此微小(xiao)差異，而在(zai)電化學(xue)方面(mian)都是一樣的(de)，也就是說它們單體(ti)的(de)端(duan)電壓(ya)、充電電壓(ya)、充放電電流密度(du)（動力型(xing)）、開始析氣電壓(ya)點等，不會有顯(xian)著的(de)差異。一個按照(zhao)前面(mian)所(suo)討論的(de)充電器，可適(shi)應所(suo)有品牌的(de)電池(chi)，不存(cun)在(zai)匹(pi)配問(wen)題。

　　結論：

　　1、最高充電(dian)電(dian)壓與(yu)充入電(dian)量關(guan)系不大。

　　2、浮(fu)充電壓(ya)(ya)與充入(ru)電量沒(mei)關系，只要高于(yu)電池最大開路端(duan)電壓(ya)(ya)，低于(yu)開始析氣點電壓(ya)(ya)就行(xing)了。

　　3、浮充(chong)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)流，僅是切換最高(gao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓到浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓的設定點(dian)，不宜過(guo)小或過(guo)大，與充(chong)電(dian)(dian)量也沒關系。

　　4、充電電流只要不(bu)超過0.3C(對10Ah相應(ying)為4A)都是允許的(de)，不必要(yao)嚴格(ge)要(yao)求。

　　所以，對于(yu)36V閥控(kong)式(shi)吸附式(shi)小密封電(dian)池組充電(dian)參數推薦如下：

　　最(zui)高電壓：43.5V～44.8V

　　浮充轉換電流：300mA～500Ma

　　浮充電壓：41V～42V

　　充電電流：2A±20%

　　以(yi)上是(shi)對電(dian)動車(che)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)中一些認識誤區進行(xing)的試驗和(he)分析(xi)，通過以(yi)上的試驗和(he)分析(xi)能使廣大(da)消(xiao)費(fei)者知(zhi)道鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)器中應(ying)注(zhu)意的一些問題，以(yi)更好(hao)地正確使用充電(dian)器。