充電器的(de)(de)分(fen)類(lei)：用(yong)有、無工頻(pin)（50赫茲）變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)區分(fen)，可分(fen)為(wei)兩大(da)(da)(da)類(lei)。貨運三(san)輪(lun)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)一般使(shi)用(yong)帶工頻(pin)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，體積大(da)(da)(da)、重量大(da)(da)(da)，費電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是可靠，便(bian)宜；電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車和電(dian)(dian)(dian)摩(mo)則使(shi)用(yong)所謂開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，省電(dian)(dian)(dian)，效(xiao)率高(gao)，但(dan)是易壞。 常用(yong)的(de)(de)開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)又分(fen)半橋(qiao)式(shi)和單激(ji)式(shi)兩大(da)(da)(da)類(lei)，單激(ji)類(lei)又分(fen)為(wei)正激(ji)式(shi)和反(fan)激(ji)式(shi)兩類(lei)。半橋(qiao)式(shi)成(cheng)本(ben)高(gao)，性能好，常用(yong)于(yu)帶負脈沖的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)；單激(ji)式(shi)成(cheng)本(ben)低，市(shi)場占有率高(gao)。

鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池已經有(you)100多年的(de)(de)歷史了，開始全球(qiu)普遍沿(yan)引老(lao)的(de)(de)觀點和操(cao)作規程(cheng)：充(chong)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)率為0.1C（C是電(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量）壽命較長。美國人麥斯先生為解(jie)(jie)決(jue)快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)問(wen)題，1967年向全世界公布了他的(de)(de)研(yan)究成(cheng)果，用大于1C率脈沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)間歇時對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)有(you)利于消除極化(hua)、降低電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液溫度、提高極板(ban)接受電(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)能力。

我(wo)國(guo)一(yi)些科技工作者在(zai)1969年前(qian)(qian)后(hou)，根據麥斯先生的三定律制(zhi)作成功了(le)(le)多種品牌的快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環過程(cheng)是：大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→切斷(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)→對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)短(duan)暫放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→停止放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→接通(tong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)→大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……2000年前(qian)(qian)后(hou)，有人將這一(yi)原(yuan)理用到(dao)了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，不切斷(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)瞬間(jian)，進行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)時(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)不切斷(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)串連了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感。一(yi)般在(zai)1秒內短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)3－5毫秒（1秒＝1000毫秒），由(you)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感里的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不能跳(tiao)變，短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)時(shi)間(jian)短(duan)促，可以(yi)保護充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉(zhuan)換部分。如果把充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方(fang)向叫(jiao)正，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負了(le)(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車業就(jiu)出(chu)現了(le)(le)名詞(ci)“負脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)”，而且稱可以(yi)延長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命等等。

近幾年(nian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車普遍使(shi)用了所謂三(san)(san)(san)(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫涓流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技(ji)術(shu)角度(du)針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)而言：第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)限(xian)流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫高(gao)恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫低恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比(bi)較貼切(qie)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉換時(shi)，面板指(zhi)示燈(deng)相(xiang)應變換，大(da)多數充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)、二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅燈(deng)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠(lv)燈(deng)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)相(xiang)互轉換是由充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)決(jue)定的(de)，大(da)于(yu)某電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于(yu)某電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進入(ru)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這(zhe)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)叫轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，也叫轉折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。

買新充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)要檢(jian)查三(san)段(duan)(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的三(san)個(ge)重要參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)，第(di)(di)一個(ge)重要參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)涓流(liu)階段(duan)(duan)的低恒壓(ya)(ya)值，第(di)(di)二(er)個(ge)重要參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)第(di)(di)二(er)階段(duan)(duan)的高恒壓(ya)(ya)值，第(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)重要參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。這三(san)個(ge)重要參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池數(shu)(shu)(shu)目有(you)(you)關，與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的容量Ah有(you)(you)關，與(yu)(yu)(yu)溫度有(you)(you)關，與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池種(zhong)類有(you)(you)關。用(yong)戶一般可以自己測(ce)得(de)第(di)(di)三(san)階段(duan)(duan)的低恒壓(ya)(ya)值。方法(fa)是(shi)，不接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，給充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)加市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字萬用(yong)表的200V直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)檔測(ce)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。另兩(liang)個(ge)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)高恒壓(ya)(ya)值和轉折電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般需要專用(yong)工具才能測(ce)得(de)。

開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的正確操作是：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，先插電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，后(hou)加市電(dian)(dian)(dian)；充(chong)足后(hou)，先切斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后(hou)拔(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池插頭(tou)。如果在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時先拔(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池插頭(tou)，特(te)別是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大（紅燈）時，非常容(rong)易損壞充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。

此(ci)外還需注(zhu)意的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)：1，變(bian)綠燈(deng)后再接著充(chong)(chong)(chong)2－3小時。2，原則是(shi)(shi)淺(qian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)），就是(shi)(shi)騎(qi)行不(bu)(bu)足夠遠，也要及(ji)時充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免(mian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)光再充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長期不(bu)(bu)騎(qi)，要定期（2－3個(ge)月）充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次(ci)。4，長期淺(qian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，3個(ge)月左右，作一(yi)次(ci)深放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是(shi)(shi)所謂放(fang)(fang)(fang)光再充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)深部的(de)(de)長期不(bu)(bu)動的(de)(de)物質(zhi)的(de)(de)活化。放(fang)(fang)(fang)光的(de)(de)意思是(shi)(shi)，騎(qi)到(dao)控制器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)欠壓(ya)保護(hu)動作為(wei)止。5， 一(yi)般新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)投入使(shi)用8－10個(ge)月后，要對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進行檢查和(he)維護(hu)。6，一(yi)般名(ming)牌車配套的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)經過篩選的(de)(de)，通常(chang)不(bu)(bu)用測(ce)試(shi)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)單獨到(dao)市(shi)(shi)場上采購的(de)(de)非配套充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，一(yi)定要進行前述三(san)個(ge)參數的(de)(de)測(ce)試(shi)。7，有一(yi)種不(bu)(bu)帶(dai)工頻(pin)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)可控硅充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，直接整流市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可到(dao)30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)12V－80V可調，未(wei)徹底切斷市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前，千萬不(bu)(bu)要摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，貨運三(san)輪使(shi)用這(zhe)類充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)客戶特(te)別(bie)要注(zhu)意安全(quan)。