充電器的分類：
用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使用帶工頻變壓器的充電機，體積大、重量大，費電，但是可靠，便宜；電動自行車和電摩則使用所謂開關電源式充電器，省電，效率高，但是易壞。 常用的開關電源式充電器又(you)(you)分(fen)半(ban)橋式和單(dan)激(ji)式兩大(da)類，單(dan)激(ji)類又(you)(you)分(fen)為正激(ji)式和反(fan)激(ji)式兩類。半(ban)橋式成(cheng)本高(gao)(gao)，性能好，常用于帶負脈沖(chong)的充電器；單(dan)激(ji)式成(cheng)本低，市場占有(you)率高(gao)(gao)。

鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)已經(jing)有100多年的(de)歷史(shi)了，開(kai)始全球(qiu)普遍(bian)沿(yan)引(yin)老(lao)的(de)觀點和操(cao)作規程：充、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)為0.1C（C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量）壽命較長(chang)。美國人麥斯先(xian)生為解(jie)決快速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，1967年向全世界公布了他的(de)研究成(cheng)果，用大于(yu)(yu)1C率(lv)脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)間(jian)歇時對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)有利于(yu)(yu)消除極化、降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液溫(wen)度、提高極板(ban)接受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)能力。

我國(guo)一(yi)些科技工作者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)1969年(nian)前(qian)后(hou)，根(gen)據麥斯先生的三(san)定律制作成功(gong)了(le)(le)多種(zhong)品牌的快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環過程(cheng)是：大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→切(qie)(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)→對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短暫放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→停(ting)止放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→接通(tong)(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)→大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……2000年(nian)前(qian)后(hou)，有人將(jiang)這(zhe)一(yi)原理用到(dao)了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，不切(qie)(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短路(lu)瞬間，進行(xing)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短路(lu)時由于不切(qie)(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)，在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)中(zhong)串連了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感。一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)1秒內(nei)短路(lu)3－5毫(hao)秒（1秒＝1000毫(hao)秒），由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感里的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不能(neng)跳變，短路(lu)時間短促，可以(yi)保護充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部(bu)分(fen)。如果把(ba)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向(xiang)叫(jiao)正(zheng)，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負了(le)(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)業就出現了(le)(le)名詞“負脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而且稱可以(yi)延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)等(deng)等(deng)。

近幾年，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車普遍使用了所(suo)謂三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)二個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫恒壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫涓流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術角度(du)針對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)而(er)言：第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)限流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)二個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫高恒壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫低恒壓階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較(jiao)貼(tie)切。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉換時，面板指示燈相應變換，大多(duo)數充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)、二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅(hong)燈，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠(lv)燈。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)相互轉換是由(you)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)決定的(de)，大于某電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)叫轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，也叫轉折電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。

買新(xin)充(chong)電器(qi)要(yao)(yao)檢查三段(duan)式充(chong)電器(qi)的(de)三個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)，第(di)一(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)是(shi)涓(juan)流(liu)階段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒壓(ya)值，第(di)二個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)是(shi)第(di)二階段(duan)的(de)高恒壓(ya)值，第(di)三個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)是(shi)轉(zhuan)換電流(liu)。這(zhe)三個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)與(yu)電池(chi)數(shu)目有(you)(you)關，與(yu)電池(chi)的(de)容量Ah有(you)(you)關，與(yu)溫度有(you)(you)關，與(yu)電池(chi)種類有(you)(you)關。用戶一(yi)般可以自己測得(de)第(di)三階段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒壓(ya)值。方法(fa)是(shi)，不接電池(chi)，給充(chong)電器(qi)加市(shi)電，用數(shu)字萬用表(biao)的(de)200V直(zhi)流(liu)電壓(ya)檔測充(chong)電器(qi)的(de)輸出電壓(ya)。另兩個(ge)參(can)數(shu)高恒壓(ya)值和轉(zhuan)折(zhe)電流(liu)一(yi)般需要(yao)(yao)專用工(gong)具才能測得(de)。

開關電源式充電器的(de)正確(que)操(cao)作是：充(chong)電時，先(xian)插(cha)電池，后加市電；充(chong)足(zu)后，先(xian)切(qie)斷(duan)市電，后拔電池插(cha)頭。如果在充(chong)電時先(xian)拔電池插(cha)頭，特別是充(chong)電電流大（紅燈）時，非常容易損壞充(chong)電器。

此外還需注意的(de)(de)(de)是：1，變綠燈后(hou)再(zai)接著充(chong)(chong)(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原則是淺放(fang)(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)），就是騎(qi)行(xing)(xing)不足夠遠，也要(yao)(yao)及時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免放(fang)(fang)光(guang)再(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長期不騎(qi)，要(yao)(yao)定期（2－3個(ge)月）充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)。4，長期淺放(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，3個(ge)月左(zuo)右(you)，作一(yi)次(ci)(ci)深放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是所謂放(fang)(fang)光(guang)再(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)深部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)長期不動的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)活化。放(fang)(fang)光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是，騎(qi)到(dao)控制器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)欠壓(ya)(ya)保護動作為止。5， 一(yi)般新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)投入(ru)使(shi)用8－10個(ge)月后(hou)，要(yao)(yao)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)(xing)檢查和維護。6，一(yi)般名牌車配套的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是經過(guo)篩(shai)選(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)，通(tong)常不用測試，但(dan)是單獨到(dao)市場上(shang)采購的(de)(de)(de)非配套充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)進行(xing)(xing)前(qian)述三(san)個(ge)參數的(de)(de)(de)測試。7，有一(yi)種(zhong)不帶工頻變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)控硅充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，直接整流(liu)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可(ke)到(dao)30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)12V－80V可(ke)調，未徹(che)底切斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)，千萬不要(yao)(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，貨運(yun)三(san)輪使(shi)用這類充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)客(ke)戶特別要(yao)(yao)注意安全(quan)。