特(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)即特(te)(te)殊(shu)(shu)種類的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。所謂特(te)(te)殊(shu)(shu)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)由于衡量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)指(zhi)標要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)不同(tong)于常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，其主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓特(te)(te)別高，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)特(te)(te)別大(da)，或(huo)者對穩定度、動態響應及紋波要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)特(te)(te)別高，或(huo)者要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸(shu)出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)是(shi)(shi)脈沖(chong)或(huo)其它一些要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。這就使得在(zai)設(she)計及生產此類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)時有比普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)有更(geng)特(te)(te)殊(shu)(shu)甚至(zhi)更(geng)嚴格的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。特(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一般是(shi)(shi)為特(te)(te)殊(shu)(shu)負載或(huo)場合要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)而(er)設(she)計的(de)(de)，它的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)十分廣泛(fan)。主(zhu)要(yao)有：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解、陽(yang)極氧化、感應加熱、醫療(liao)設(she)備、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)操作、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)試驗、環保除塵、空氣凈化、食品滅菌、激(ji)光紅外、光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)顯示(shi)等。而(er)在(zai)國防及軍事上(shang)，特(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)更(geng)有普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)不可取代(dai)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)，主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)于：雷達(da)導(dao)航、高能物理、等離子體物理及核(he)技(ji)術(shu)研究等。

　　特種電源的幾種類型

　　1)雷達發射機用的高壓電源

　　在現代雷達(da)發(fa)射(she)機中，用行(xing)波管(guan)(TWT)作為微波功(gong)率(lv)(lv)放大(da)(da)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)占(zhan)有很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)比例(li),作為高(gao)(gao)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)部分，它(ta)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性(xing)與技(ji)術(shu)(shu)指標如何(he)，對雷達(da)發(fa)射(she)機乃至(zhi)整個雷達(da)有著(zhu)直接(jie)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。而支撐著(zhu)行(xing)波管(guan)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)壓電源(系(xi)統)更(geng)顯得(de)至(zhi)為重(zhong)要。開關(guan)(guan)電源技(ji)術(shu)(shu)作為一種(zhong)高(gao)(gao)頻、高(gao)(gao)效電力電子技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，隨著(zhu)電子元器(qi)(qi)件(jian)、產品(pin)的(de)(de)不斷更(geng)新(xin)，大(da)(da)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)的(de)(de)更(geng)新(xin)換代，大(da)(da)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)開關(guan)(guan)電源技(ji)術(shu)(shu)得(de)到了發(fa)展。本(ben)文所介(jie)紹的(de)(de)雷達(da)行(xing)波管(guan)用高(gao)(gao)壓開關(guan)(guan)電源，可(ke)采(cai)用全橋(qiao)諧振PWM調制方式，大(da)(da)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)開關(guan)(guan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)采(cai)用先(xian)(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)IGBT模(mo)塊及先(xian)(xian)進(jin)可(ke)靠的(de)(de)驅動電路(lu)，使得(de)電源的(de)(de)整體(ti)性(xing)能良好(hao)，穩定度好(hao)，并且具有各種(zhong)保護功(gong)能。

　　電源電路(lu)由以下幾部分組成：(1)電網濾波(bo)器，(2)整(zheng)流濾波(bo)，(3)全橋變換器，(4)高(gao)壓(ya)變壓(ya)器，(5)高(gao)壓(ya)整(zheng)流濾波(bo)，(6)脈寬調制與控制電路(lu)，(7)驅動(dong)電路(lu)，(8)保護電路(lu)等。

　　工(gong)作原理：將50Hz三相380V通過電(dian)(dian)網濾(lv)波(bo)器，經整流及(ji)濾(lv)波(bo)得到(dao)(dao)500多伏(fu)的直流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),供(gong)(gong)給串聯(lian)諧(xie)振變(bian)換器。由于(yu)本電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸出(chu)高達20kV，為(wei)了減輕(qing)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器的設計難度(du)以及(ji)減小高壓(ya)(ya)整流二極管的耐壓(ya)(ya)值、提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的可靠性(xing)，我們采(cai)用變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器兩個(ge)次級分別全(quan)(quan)橋(qiao)整流,然后(hou)疊(die)加輸出(chu)。全(quan)(quan)橋(qiao)變(bian)換器由四個(ge)IGBT、一個(ge)高頻變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器及(ji)整流電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)組成。控制電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)兩對彼(bi)此絕緣、相位相差180°的脈(mo)沖輸入到(dao)(dao)IGBT驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，控制IGBT的通斷。將直流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)換成為(wei)交(jiao)變(bian)的20kHz脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，經變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器及(ji)全(quan)(quan)橋(qiao)整流和濾(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，得到(dao)(dao)幾十kV的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。

　　2)電子束焊機用大功率高壓電源

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束焊(han)(han)接因具有不用焊(han)(han)條、不易(yi)氧(yang)化(hua)、工藝重復(fu)性(xing)好(hao)及熱(re)變(bian)形量小的優點而廣泛應用于航(hang)空航(hang)天、原(yuan)子(zi)能(neng)、國防及軍工、汽車和電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)工儀表等眾多(duo)行業。電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束焊(han)(han)接的基本原(yuan)理是電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)槍(qiang)中的陰極(ji)由于直接或間接加熱(re)而發射電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)在高(gao)壓靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場的加速下通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁場的聚焦就可以形成能(neng)量密度極(ji)高(gao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束，用此電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束去轟擊工件(jian)(jian)(jian)，巨大(da)的動(dong)能(neng)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為熱(re)量，使焊(han)(han)接處(chu)工件(jian)(jian)(jian)熔(rong)化(hua)，形成熔(rong)池，從(cong)而實現(xian)對工件(jian)(jian)(jian)的焊(han)(han)接。

　　高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)源是(shi)設備的關(guan)鍵技術之一，它(ta)主(zhu)要(yao)為電(dian)(dian)子槍(qiang)提供(gong)加(jia)速電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，其性能好(hao)壞直接(jie)決定電(dian)(dian)子束(shu)焊(han)(han)接(jie)工藝和(he)焊(han)(han)接(jie)質量。電(dian)(dian)子束(shu)焊(han)(han)機用(yong)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)源與其它(ta)類型的高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)源相比，具(ju)有不同的技術特性,技術要(yao)求(qiu)主(zhu)要(yao)為紋(wen)波(bo)系(xi)數(shu)和(he)穩定度(du)，紋(wen)波(bo)系(xi)數(shu)要(yao)求(qiu)小(xiao)于(yu)1%，穩定度(du)為±1%，甚至紋(wen)波(bo)系(xi)數(shu)小(xiao)于(yu)0.5%，穩定度(du)為±0.5%，同時重(zhong)復性要(yao)求(qiu)小(xiao)于(yu)0.5%。以(yi)上要(yao)求(qiu)均根據電(dian)(dian)子束(shu)斑(ban)和(he)焊(han)(han)接(jie)工藝所決定。電(dian)(dian)子束(shu)焊(han)(han)機用(yong)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)源的操作(zuo)是(shi)必(bi)須與有關(guan)系(xi)統進行連鎖(suo)(suo)保護，主(zhu)要(yao)有真(zhen)空連鎖(suo)(suo)、陰極連鎖(suo)(suo)、閘閥連鎖(suo)(suo)、聚(ju)焦(jiao)連鎖(suo)(suo)等，以(yi)確保設備和(he)人身安全。高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)源必(bi)須符合EMC標準，具(ju)有軟起動(dong)功(gong)能，防止(zhi)突然合閘對電(dian)(dian)源的沖擊。

　　這種電(dian)(dian)源由于功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)大(達30kW)，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)(150kV)，工作頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)較(jiao)高(gao)(20kHz)，而對(dui)穩定精度、紋波(bo)(bo)及(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)均有較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)要求。選用(yong)先進的(de)(de)(de)三相(xiang)全(quan)控(kong)可控(kong)整(zheng)(zheng)流技術、大功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)高(gao)頻(pin)逆(ni)變器，用(yong)新型功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)器件IGBT作為功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)開關(guan)。三相(xiang)全(quan)控(kong)可控(kong)整(zheng)(zheng)流和(he)逆(ni)變器各(ge)自采用(yong)獨(du)立的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制板，IGBT驅(qu)動(dong)采用(yong)進口厚膜驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)，加上輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)網濾波(bo)(bo)器和(he)平波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)抗器及(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)容組成的(de)(de)(de)濾波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)。使(shi)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)變換(huan)部(bu)分具有較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)技術先進性(xing)和(he)良好的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)變換(huan)性(xing)。

　　高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)(bu)分：高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器磁芯(xin)采用(yong)最新的(de)(de)(de)(de)非晶態材料，采用(yong)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)頻高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)繞制(zhi)工藝，雙高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器疊加工作(zuo)。先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)流和(he)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)倍壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)路(lu)以及(ji)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)均壓(ya)(ya)(ya)技術保(bao)證(zheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)(bu)分穩定(ding)可靠(kao)，反饋(kui)及(ji)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)指示信號用(yong)精(jing)密的(de)(de)(de)(de)分壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器，由高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸出端直接采樣，保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)有(you)很(hen)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)精(jing)度(du)(du)、電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)調(diao)整(zheng)率和(he)準確可信的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)測量精(jing)度(du)(du)。采用(yong)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)濾波技術，保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)有(you)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)紋波。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)(bu)分放在一個油箱內。

　　3)高壓脈沖電源

　　在(zai)雷達導航設備中，其發射(she)(she)部分一(yi)般都需(xu)要一(yi)高電(dian)壓(ya)、窄脈沖、不同重復頻率的強功率脈沖源。這種強功率脈沖源一(yi)般通過(guo)一(yi)個高壓(ya)電(dian)源將(jiang)市(shi)電(dian)升(sheng)為(wei)幾千(qian)伏至幾十(shi)千(qian)伏直流高壓(ya)，然后由一(yi)個調(diao)制器將(jiang)直流高壓(ya)調(diao)制為(wei)所需(xu)脈寬及頻率的脈沖源以供(gong)發射(she)(she)管使用。

　　脈沖源(yuan)(yuan)主要由高壓(ya)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)及調(diao)制器部分(fen)組(zu)成，高壓(ya)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)采用(yong)開(kai)關穩壓(ya)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，調(diao)制器采用(yong)半導體(ti)器件的固態調(diao)制器。

　　使用方給出的觸發(fa)脈沖是(shi)TTL電(dian)平的信號，應(ying)在輸入隔離變(bian)壓器前增(zeng)加接(jie)口(kou)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，此接(jie)口(kou)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)一是(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)預(yu)放大TTL脈沖信號，二是(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)與隔離變(bian)壓器匹配。為(wei)了(le)(le)達(da)到隔離的目的，使用方可(ke)(ke)提(ti)供此接(jie)口(kou)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的電(dian)源(yuan)，制造(zao)方只(zhi)需提(ti)出電(dian)源(yuan)需求并在電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中設計相應(ying)的變(bian)換(huan)、濾(lv)波(bo)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)即可(ke)(ke)。

　　觸發脈沖(chong)經(jing)過脈沖(chong)變壓器隔離(li)后(hou)經(jing)過預(yu)調(diao)器脈沖(chong)整形(xing)，功率放大后(hou)去(qu)觸發調(diao)制板和截尾板工作(zuo)。由預(yu)調(diao)器產生的激勵脈沖(chong)經(jing)過變壓器隔離(li)去(qu)驅動調(diao)制板的每一只場效應管，此時調(diao)制板導通高壓電源送到微(wei)波(bo)三極管的陽極，微(wei)波(bo)三極管的陰(yin)極電子(zi)開始發射，微(wei)波(bo)三極管將送入輸(shu)入端的小(xiao)功率高頻(pin)信(xin)號(hao)放大成大功率的高頻(pin)信(xin)號(hao)。

　　當脈(mo)沖結束時，由預調器(qi)產生的截尾脈(mo)沖去觸發截尾板(ban)，截尾板(ban)導通(tong)后將微(wei)波(bo)三(san)極管(guan)的分布(bu)電容釋放，所以(yi)(yi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)得到(dao)很好(hao)的脈(mo)沖后沿。