電動自行車（以下簡稱“EB”）產業的興起，對充電器提出了高要求。目前EB所配置的充電器，多屬(shu)于傳統的三(san)(san)段(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，三(san)(san)段(duan)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式是將(jiang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程分為恒(heng)流、恒(heng)壓(ya)、浮充(chong)三(san)(san)個(ge)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)，以(yi)我國EB采用較(jiao)多的36V12Ah鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)為例，第(di)一階段(duan)以(yi)1.8A的恒(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)到約(yue)44.4V；第(di)二階段(duan)將(jiang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流減(jian)小至約(yue)0.3A，再次(ci)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)到44.4V；第(di)三(san)(san)階段(duan)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降至約(yue)41.4V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流減(jian)至約(yue)50MA對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行浮充(chong)。

　　從幾年來的使用情況看，三段式充電器暴露(lu)了一些問題。以下仍以36V12Ah鉛酸蓄電池組為(wei)例，談談三(san)段式充電器的缺(que)陷和(he)解決(jue)方(fang)案(an)。

　　三段式充(chong)電器忽略了電池的負溫度(du)特性

　　三段式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器充(chong)電(dian)(dian)參(can)數的(de)設定除受(shou)所配電(dian)(dian)池(chi)單體(ti)極(ji)板面積大(da)小、電(dian)(dian)極(ji)特性、電(dian)(dian)解液密度等(deng)因素(su)影(ying)響外，還受(shou)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)環境溫度的(de)影(ying)響。

　　雖(sui)然一(yi)直以(yi)來(lai)，人們都明白電(dian)化(hua)學(xue)的(de)溫度效應是不能回(hui)避的(de)，但(dan)卻在充電(dian)器問題上忽略了。原因可(ke)以(yi)有很多，但(dan)特別應在此(ci)指出的(de)是：過去人們對蓄電(dian)池容量、壽命與(yu)溫度之間關系的(de)感觸和(he)認識(shi)從(cong)來(lai)沒有象今天這樣直接和(he)具體(ti)，須(xu)知，這是千萬個(ge)EB用(yong)戶參與(yu)了“實驗”的(de)結果。

　　在我國幾乎所(suo)有的地區，使用無(wu)溫度補償的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，都會對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)造成損害(hai)。夏季過充(chong)，冬季欠(qian)充(chong)，過充(chong)和欠(qian)充(chong)容(rong)易(yi)造成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)和硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)(hua)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)后，硫酸(suan)濃度提高(gao)，加劇了板極(ji)腐(fu)蝕，就更容(rong)易(yi)產生硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)(hua)，硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)(hua)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)表(biao)現為更容(rong)易(yi)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)。這是一種連鎖(suo)反(fan)應。鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)(hua)是影響EB續駛里(li)程和電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命的重要因(yin)素。

　　無溫度(du)補(bu)嘗的(de)充電(dian)器究竟(jing)對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)損害有多大，目前還缺少實驗數據(ju)，對(dui)蓄電(dian)池(chi)進行定(ding)量分析(xi)要比定(ding)性分析(xi)復雜(za)困難得多，但以下(xia)的(de)數據(ju)可以參(can)考(kao)：EB標準(zhun)規定(ding)，鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)的(de)循環次(ci)數不得不少于(yu)350次(ci)，但實際上有相(xiang)當多的(de)電(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)時間不到(dao)8個月，即(ji)循還次(ci)數不足240次(ci)。

　　充電器增(zeng)加溫度補償功能并(bing)不困(kun)難(nan)，如(ru)只要將原基準電壓(ya)改為(wei)具有(you)負(fu)溫度系數(shu)特性的基準電壓(ya)，一般(ban)就可以了。

　　三段(duan)式充電模式缺(que)少(shao)修補(bu)性(xing)充電環節

　　三(san)段(duan)式(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)恒流――恒壓――浮充(chong)三(san)個(ge)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)階段(duan)，都是圍繞怎樣充(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)池來設計的(de)(de)，因此，這三(san)個(ge)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)階段(duan)占用了全部充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間，如36V12Ah電(dian)(dian)池組的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流通(tong)常被設定(ding)為18A，有(you)公式(shi)(shi)：12(安時）×1.2（效率）÷8（小時）=1.8A。恰好能在標(biao)準規定(ding)的(de)(de)8h內將電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)滿(man)，設計時就沒打算(suan)留出修補電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)時間，更何況三(san)段(duan)式(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器一般也不具備修補電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)功能。

　　產業界向來有(you)(you)人認(ren)為：我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)EB以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為主，并(bing)且采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)全動力模式，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)長期不(bu)能(neng)達(da)標，我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)EB產業將可能(neng)有(you)(you)再次夭折(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)危險。但(dan)技術界對此問(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識是(shi)：要(yao)想鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)達(da)標，除有(you)(you)待于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)本身的(de)(de)(de)技術進(jin)(jin)步(bu)外，采(cai)用(yong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與修補功(gong)(gong)能(neng)兼備的(de)(de)(de)多功(gong)(gong)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是(shi)解決問(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效(xiao)途徑。因此，我(wo)們建(jian)議立即(ji)從(cong)以(yi)下兩(liang)方面入手對EB充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器進(jin)(jin)行技術改造。一(yi)是(shi)將36V12Ah電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流從(cong)1.8A提高到(dao)3A以(yi)上，用(yong)約4h的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)(jin)行常規(gui)性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，留出4h以(yi)上時(shi)間(jian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)(jin)行修補性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；二是(shi)給充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器增加(jia)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)(jin)行修補性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)。

　　關于充電(dian)的波形(xing)和頻率

　　充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器賴以(yi)對電(dian)池產(chan)生(sheng)影響的(de)是(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓、電(dian)流及其(qi)(qi)波形和頻率，其(qi)(qi)中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓主要與(yu)電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)得滿(man)不滿(man)有關(guan)(guan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流主要與(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)得快(kuai)不快(kuai)有關(guan)(guan)，而充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)波形和頻率則主要與(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)得好(hao)好(hao)不好(hao)有關(guan)(guan)，這里(li)的(de)“好(hao)不好(hao)”指(zhi)得是(shi)(shi)電(dian)池的(de)容量(liang)和壽(shou)命(ming)。實踐證(zheng)明，以(yi)上三者雖各(ge)有側(ce)重，但(dan)其(qi)(qi)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)是(shi)(shi)相輔(fu)相成、不可忽略的(de)。

　　充(chong)電器(qi)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)電源技(ji)術(shu)領域，在充(chong)電過程中強調(diao)(diao)波(bo)形(xing)和(he)(he)(he)頻率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用是(shi)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)電源出現以(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)，而三段(duan)(duan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)電模式(shi)(shi)(shi)出現在線(xian)性電源時期，因此，三段(duan)(duan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)電模式(shi)(shi)(shi)偏重于(yu)(yu)充(chong)電電壓(ya)和(he)(he)(he)電流，缺少充(chong)電波(bo)形(xing)和(he)(he)(he)頻率方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容是(shi)情有(you)可原的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。現在，EB配置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電器(qi)全都是(shi)用開(kai)(kai)關(guan)電源技(ji)術(shu)設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，但卻仍采(cai)用三段(duan)(duan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)電模式(shi)(shi)(shi)，這顯然是(shi)不相宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，據我(wo)們調(diao)(diao)查和(he)(he)(he)檢測，目前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)EB充(chong)電器(qi)還不同程度地存在以(yi)下問題：

　　（1）輸出紋波太小。有的竟只有50mV，顯然這是將充(chong)電(dian)器當(dang)成穩(wen)壓電(dian)源來做了(le)，也(ye)許這種紋波可以用來給鋰離子電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)，但(dan)對于36V鉛酸蓄電(dian)池來說，充(chong)電(dian)脈沖的幅值(zhi)應以1-2V為好。

　　（2）輸(shu)出(chu)連續三(san)角波(bo)。這通(tong)常是正(zheng)激式(shi)(shi)開關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)才有的(de)波(bo)形(xing)，由于極(ji)化(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)的(de)存在，蓄電(dian)(dian)池忌(ji)諱用直流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，包(bao)括連續三(san)角波(bo)。常規(gui)性充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)最好波(bo)形(xing)是單端反(fan)激式(shi)(shi)開關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)通(tong)常所(suo)輸(shu)出(chu)的(de)下降(jiang)型脈沖，尤(you)其是緊接脈沖之后(hou)存在的(de)一段(duan)休止時間(jian)，還(huan)可(ke)以消除鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池因充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)而產生的(de)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)；比較(jiao)而言(yan)，正(zheng)激式(shi)(shi)開關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)溫升雖(sui)然可(ke)以做(zuo)得低一些，但其輸(shu)出(chu)波(bo)形(xing)不如反(fan)激式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，不過這可(ke)以通(tong)過調整其輸(shu)出(chu)三(san)角波(bo)的(de)占空比來加(jia)以彌(mi)補。

　　（3）在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)之間(jian)串(chuan)聯有(you)一(yi)(yi)二極管。其目(mu)的(de)(de)可能(neng)是(shi)為(wei)了防止電(dian)(dian)池(chi)通過充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器放電(dian)(dian)，但(dan)這樣做是(shi)錯(cuo)誤的(de)(de)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)就(jiu)是(shi)需要又(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)又(you)放，邊充(chong)(chong)(chong)邊放，充(chong)(chong)(chong)多(duo)放少，哪怕(pa)放電(dian)(dian)只有(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)百分之一(yi)(yi)，也將會(hui)對抑制電(dian)(dian)池(chi)氣(qi)(qi)化和(he)抬高(gao)氣(qi)(qi)化電(dian)(dian)壓等產生不可替(ti)代的(de)(de)作用(yong)。應該認識到，如(ru)能(neng)在(zai)每一(yi)(yi)常規性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)周期(qi)留出幾(ji)微秒和(he)在(zai)修補性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)周期(qi)留出幾(ji)秒鐘用(yong)來放電(dian)(dian)，對消除鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)產生的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)化學極化和(he)濃差極化，從而增(zeng)加和(he)延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)和(he)壽命將會(hui)有(you)決定性(xing)意義(yi)。

（4）充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率單(dan)調。一個(ge)優秀的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)必須具有多(duo)種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)：脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、負脈(mo)沖(chong)激(ji)活、變頻(pin)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等模(mo)式(shi)，只有具備這些技術的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)才(cai)能(neng)(neng)有效地(di)去除電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)濃度極差、板柵硫(liu)酸鹽化(hua)和極化(hua)現象。脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、高頻(pin)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)及變頻(pin)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技術，正在被越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)多(duo)地(di)應(ying)用在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)上(shang)，可(ke)以(yi)預期，一種兼有常規性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)和修補性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)的多(duo)功能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)必將替代功能(neng)(neng)單(dan)一的三段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)而成為EB的主(zhu)流。

　　一(yi)種實用的EB多(duo)功能充電器(qi)的充電模式和參(can)數

　　如將(jiang)(jiang)凡(fan)包含常規(gui)性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和修補性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器統(tong)稱(cheng)為多(duo)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，那么根據以(yi)兩(liang)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)結合方式的(de)(de)不同，可以(yi)設計出多(duo)種模式的(de)(de)多(duo)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，但(dan)從EB的(de)(de)適用(yong)(yong)角(jiao)度考慮，還是(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)以(yi)上兩(liang)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)分開(kai)來(lai)設計好，即(ji)將(jiang)(jiang)有限的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)劃分為兩(liang)個充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)段，前段時間(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)(yong)來(lai)完成常規(gui)性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后段時間(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)(yong)來(lai)進行修補性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)下仍以(yi)36V 12Ah鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組為例(li)，介紹(shao)一種實用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)多(duo)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式和參(can)數。

　　4.1常規性(xing)充電階段

　　（1）電源類型：單端反激(ji)式(shi)開關電源；

　　（2）滿輸出充電(dian)頻(pin)率(lv)：25kHz，即充電(dian)電(dian)源(yuan)3A時(shi)的電(dian)源(yuan)工作頻(pin)率(lv)；

　　（3）充(chong)電波形：下降型三角脈沖；

　　（4）脈沖幅度：約1.6V；

　　（5）脈沖最(zui)大寬度：約25μs；

　　（6）充電休止時(shi)間：約15μs；

　　（7）放電電流：約50mA；

　　（8）充電(dian)平均電(dian)流：3A；

　　（9）充電峰值(zhi)電流(liu)：約10A；

　　（10）充電時間：約4h，即(ji)充電4h后，電池電壓應上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)到43.2V（常溫），容(rong)量已達(da)75%以上(shang)(shang)；

　　（11）減流轉折電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：常溫下(xia)43.2V，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為“氣化點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)”，即在用直(zhi)流充電(dian)(dian)的情況下(xia)，此時(shi)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)解液已開始大量氣化。以(yi)下(xia)轉入修補性充電(dian)(dian)階段。

　　4.2修(xiu)補性充電階段

　　（1）線(xian)性(xing)減(jian)流及范圍：電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya)上(shang)升到43.2V（常溫）時，充電(dian)電(dian)流開始減(jian)小，減(jian)小的速率(lv)呈線(xian)性(xing)，平均充電(dian)電(dian)流從3A最(zui)終減(jian)為(wei)不小于(yu)0.3A，或峰值充電(dian)電(dian)流從約10A減(jian)為(wei)1A；

　　（2）充(chong)電(dian)頻(pin)率變化范(fan)(fan)圍：線(xian)性減流時，隨(sui)著充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流的減小，充(chong)電(dian)頻(pin)率開始上升，其變化范(fan)(fan)圍為(wei)25-100kHz；

　　（3）充(chong)電終止電壓：該電壓相(xiang)當于“氣(qi)化點電壓”加約1.2V，當電池(chi)電壓上(shang)升至該電壓時(shi)，充(chong)電器終止充(chong)電；

　　（4）重起(qi)(qi)(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：終止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)降(jiang)，當(dang)降(jiang)至重起(qi)(qi)(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)將(jiang)(jiang)再(zai)次起(qi)(qi)(qi)動將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)到充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，而(er)后充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)再(zai)次下(xia)降(jiang)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)將(jiang)(jiang)循環(huan)反重地進行下(xia)去；

　　（5）充(chong)電終止(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間：終止(zhi)充(chong)電后，電池電壓下(xia)降的時(shi)(shi)(shi)間起先(xian)較快，約幾(ji)秒鐘(zhong)，隨(sui)著時(shi)(shi)(shi)間推(tui)移，終止(zhi)充(chong)電的時(shi)(shi)(shi)間會越來越長，可(ke)達幾(ji)分鐘(zhong)以上(shang)；

　　（6）修補性充電(dian)的延續時(shi)間：4h以上(shang)不限

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