充電器的種類：分用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使用帶工頻變壓器的充電機，體積大、重量大，費電，但是可靠，便宜；電動自行車和電摩則使用所謂開關電源式充電器，省電，效率高，但是易壞。 常用的開關電源式充電器又分半橋式和單激式兩大類，單激類又分為正激式和反激式兩類。半橋式成本高，性能好，常用于帶負脈沖的充電器；單(dan)激式成(cheng)本低，市場占有(you)率高。

       鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池已經有(you)100多年(nian)(nian)的歷史了，開(kai)始全球(qiu)普遍沿(yan)引(yin)老的觀點和操作規程(cheng)：充(chong)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)為(wei)0.1C（C是電(dian)(dian)池容量）壽命較長。美國(guo)人(ren)麥斯先(xian)生為(wei)解決(jue)快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)問題(ti)，1967年(nian)(nian)向全世(shi)界公布了他(ta)的研究成(cheng)果，用大(da)于(yu)1C率(lv)脈沖電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)間歇時對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)有(you)利于(yu)消除極(ji)化、降低電(dian)(dian)解液溫度(du)、提高極(ji)板接受電(dian)(dian)荷的能力。

我(wo)國一些科技工作(zuo)者(zhe)在1969年前后，根據麥(mai)斯先生的(de)(de)三(san)定(ding)律制作(zuo)成功了(le)多(duo)種(zhong)品牌(pai)的(de)(de)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環過(guo)程是：大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→切(qie)斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)→對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短暫放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→停止放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→接通(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)→大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……2000年前后，有(you)人將這一原理用(yong)到了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，不(bu)切(qie)斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)，用(yong)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短路(lu)瞬間(jian)，進(jin)行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短路(lu)時(shi)由(you)于不(bu)切(qie)斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)，在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)中串連(lian)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感。一般在1秒(miao)內短路(lu)3－5毫秒(miao)（1秒(miao)＝1000毫秒(miao)），由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感里(li)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)能跳變，短路(lu)時(shi)間(jian)短促，可以保護充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部(bu)分。如(ru)果把充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方(fang)向叫(jiao)正，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)業就出現了(le)名詞“負脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)”，而且稱可以延長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命等等。

近幾年，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車普遍使用了所謂(wei)三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，第(di)(di)一個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒(heng)流階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)二(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)涓流階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)子技術角度針對電(dian)(dian)池而言：第(di)(di)一個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)限流階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)二(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)高恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)低恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉換(huan)時，面板指示燈(deng)相(xiang)應變(bian)(bian)換(huan)，大(da)(da)多(duo)數充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)一、二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)紅燈(deng)，第(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)(bian)綠燈(deng)。第(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)相(xiang)互轉換(huan)是(shi)由充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流決定的(de)，大(da)(da)于某電(dian)(dian)流進入第(di)(di)一第(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某電(dian)(dian)流進入第(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)流叫(jiao)轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)流，也(ye)叫(jiao)轉折電(dian)(dian)流。

買新充電器要(yao)檢查三(san)段(duan)式充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)三(san)個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)，第一(yi)(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)是(shi)涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)，第二個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)是(shi)第二階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)高恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)，第三(san)個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)是(shi)轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。這(zhe)三(san)個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)(can)數(shu)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)數(shu)目有關(guan)，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)Ah有關(guan)，與(yu)溫度有關(guan)，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)種類(lei)有關(guan)。用戶一(yi)(yi)般(ban)可以自己測得(de)第三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)。方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)，不接電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，給(gei)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)加市(shi)電(dian)(dian)，用數(shu)字萬用表的(de)200V直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)檔(dang)測充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。另兩個(ge)參(can)(can)數(shu)高恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)和轉折電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)需要(yao)專(zhuan)用工具才(cai)能測得(de)。

開關電源式充電器的正確操作是：充電(dian)(dian)時，先插電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，后加市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)；充足后，先切(qie)斷市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)，后拔電(dian)(dian)池(chi)插頭。如果在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)時先拔電(dian)(dian)池(chi)插頭，特(te)別是充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流大(da)（紅燈(deng)）時，非(fei)常容易損壞充電(dian)(dian)器。

此外還需注意的是：1，變綠燈后再接著充2－3小時。2，原則是淺放（電）勤充（電），就是騎行不足夠遠，也要及時充電，避免放光再充電。3，長期不騎，要定期（2－3個月）充電一次。4，長期淺放的電池，3個月左右，作一次深放電，就是所謂放光再充電，有利于電池深部的長期不動的物質的活化。放光的意思是，騎到控制器電池欠壓保護動作為止。5， 一般新電池投入使用8－10個月后，要對電池進行檢查和維護。6，一般名牌車配套的充電器是經過篩選的，通常不用測試，但是單獨到市場上采購的非配套充電器，一(yi)定要(yao)進行前述(shu)三(san)個參數(shu)的測試。7，有一(yi)種不帶工頻變壓(ya)(ya)器的可(ke)控(kong)硅充(chong)(chong)電機(ji)(ji)，直接整流市電為電池充(chong)(chong)電，電流可(ke)到30A，電壓(ya)(ya)12V－80V可(ke)調，未(wei)徹底(di)切斷(duan)市電前，千萬不要(yao)摸(mo)電池，貨運三(san)輪(lun)使用這類充(chong)(chong)電機(ji)(ji)的客戶特別要(yao)注意安全。