充電器的分類：用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使(shi)用帶工頻變壓器(qi)(qi)的充電機，體積大、重量大，費電，但是(shi)可靠(kao)，便宜(yi)；電動自(zi)行車和電摩則使(shi)用所謂(wei)開關電源(yuan)式充電器(qi)(qi)，省電，效率(lv)高，但是(shi)易壞。

     開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源式充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的正確操作是(shi)：充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，先插(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，后(hou)加市電(dian)(dian)(dian)；充足后(hou)，先切(qie)斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后(hou)拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池插(cha)(cha)頭(tou)。如果在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)先拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池插(cha)(cha)頭(tou)，特別是(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大（紅燈）時(shi)，非常(chang)容(rong)易(yi)損壞充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。

       常用的開關電源式充電器又分半橋式和單激式兩大類，單激類又分為正激式和反激式兩類。半橋式成本高，性能好，常用于帶負脈沖的充電器；單激式(shi)成本低(di)，市(shi)場占有率高。

       關于負脈沖充電器

       鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)已經有100多年的(de)歷(li)史了(le)，開始全球普遍沿引老的(de)觀點和操(cao)作規(gui)程：充(chong)(chong)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)率為0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量)壽命較長。美國人麥斯先生為解決快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)問題，1967年向全世界公布了(le)他的(de)研(yan)究成果，用大(da)于(yu)1C率脈沖電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)間歇(xie)時對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)有利于(yu)消除(chu)極化、降低電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫度(du)、提高極板接(jie)受電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)能(neng)力(li)。

       我國一些科技工作者(zhe)在1969年前后，根據麥斯先生的三定律制作成功了多(duo)種(zhong)品牌的快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環過(guo)程是：大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→切斷充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)→對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)短暫(zan)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→停止(zhi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→接通(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)→大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……

       2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中，不(bu)切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通路(lu)(lu)(lu)，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)瞬間(jian)，進行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)時由于(yu)(yu)不(bu)切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通路(lu)(lu)(lu)，在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通路(lu)(lu)(lu)中串(chuan)連了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)。一般在1秒內(nei)短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)3－5毫秒（1秒＝1000毫秒），由于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)里的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)能跳變，短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)時間(jian)短(duan)(duan)(duan)促，可(ke)以保護充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部分。如果把充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向叫正，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車業就(jiu)出現了名詞“負脈沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而且稱可(ke)以延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命等等。

       關于三段式充電器

       近幾年，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車普遍使用了(le)所謂三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)二個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恒壓(ya)(ya)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術角度針(zhen)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池而言：第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)限流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)二個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)恒壓(ya)(ya)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低恒壓(ya)(ya)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)時，面板指示(shi)燈相(xiang)應變(bian)換(huan)，大(da)多數充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)、二階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅燈，第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)綠(lv)燈。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)相(xiang)互轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)是由(you)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)決(jue)定的(de)，大(da)于某電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，也叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。

       早期充(chong)電(dian)器，包(bao)括名牌車配(pei)套的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器，雖(sui)然(ran)也變燈，但實際是恒壓(ya)限流充(chong)電(dian)器，并不是三階(jie)段充(chong)電(dian)器。一般(ban)這類就一個(ge)穩定電(dian)壓(ya)值，44.2V左(zuo)右(you)，對當時(shi)的(de)高(gao)比重(zhong)硫(liu)酸的(de)電(dian)池還湊合(he)。

       關于三(san)段式充電(dian)器(qi)的(de)三(san)個關鍵(jian)參數

       第(di)(di)一個重要(yao)參(can)數(shu)是(shi)(shi)涓流(liu)階(jie)段(duan)的低恒(heng)壓值(zhi)(zhi)，第(di)(di)二個重要(yao)參(can)數(shu)是(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)二階(jie)段(duan)的高(gao)恒(heng)壓值(zhi)(zhi)，第(di)(di)三(san)個重要(yao)參(can)數(shu)是(shi)(shi)轉換電(dian)流(liu)。這三(san)個重要(yao)參(can)數(shu)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)池數(shu)目有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)(yu)電(dian)池的容(rong)量Ah有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)(yu)溫(wen)度有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)(yu)電(dian)池種(zhong)類有(you)關(guan)。為(wei)了(le)方便大(da)家(jia)記憶，下面以最常見的電(dian)動自行(xing)車充電(dian)器(qi)（三(san)塊12V串聯的10Ah電(dian)池）所(suo)用的三(san)段(duan)式(shi)充電(dian)器(qi)為(wei)例簡單介紹一下：

       首先討論涓流階段的(de)低(di)恒壓(ya)值(zhi)，參(can)考(kao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為42.5V左右。此值(zhi)高將使電(dian)(dian)池失(shi)水，容易使電(dian)(dian)池發熱變形；此值(zhi)低(di)不(bu)利于電(dian)(dian)池充足(zu)電(dian)(dian)。此值(zhi)在(zai)南方(fang)要低(di)于41.5V；膠體電(dian)(dian)池要低(di)于41.5V，如在(zai)南方(fang)還要低(di)一點兒(er)。這個參(can)數是相對(dui)嚴格(ge)的(de)，不(bu)可以大于參(can)考(kao)值(zhi)。

       其次討(tao)論第二階(jie)段(duan)的高恒壓值，參考電(dian)(dian)壓為44.5V左右。此值高有利(li)于(yu)快速(su)充足(zu)電(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是容易使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水，充電(dian)(dian)后期電(dian)(dian)流下(xia)不(bu)來，結(jie)果(guo)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱變形；此值低不(bu)利(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速(su)充足(zu)電(dian)(dian)，有利(li)于(yu)向涓流階(jie)段(duan)轉換(huan)。這個值雖(sui)然沒有第一個值那樣嚴格，但(dan)是也(ye)不(bu)要過高。

       最后討論轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，參(can)考(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為300毫安(an)左右。此(ci)值高有利(li)(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)，不(bu)容易發熱(re)變(bian)(bian)形，但(dan)不(bu)利(li)(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池快速充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；此(ci)值低（對外行）有利(li)(li)于充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是(shi)由于較長時(shi)間高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，容易使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池失(shi)水，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池發熱(re)變(bian)(bian)形。特(te)別(bie)個別(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池出現問題時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流降不(bu)到轉折電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流以(yi)下時(shi)，會連累好電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池也被充壞。給出的(de)參(can)考(kao)值有一定范(fan)圍，正負(fu)50毫安(an)甚至100毫安(an)都是(shi)允(yun)許(xu)的(de)，但(dan)是(shi)不(bu)允(yun)許(xu)小于200毫安(an)。

       目前(qian)，市場上(shang)出現(xian)了很多高恒壓(ya)值(zhi)為46.5V、低恒壓(ya)值(zhi)為41.5V、轉折(zhe)電流大于500毫安的反激式廉價(jia)充電器。

       如果是四塊12V電池的充電器即48V充電器，前兩個參(can)(can)數(shu)為前述電(dian)壓(ya)參(can)(can)考值除以(yi)三乘以(yi)四。高恒壓(ya)值為59.5V左(zuo)右、低恒壓(ya)值為56.5V左(zuo)右。

       電(dian)池(chi)如果比10Ah大，將第(di)三個參(can)數電(dian)流值(zhi)適當增大，例如17Ah電(dian)池(chi)可大到500毫安。

       買新充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器要檢查三段式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)三個(ge)重要參數(shu)，用戶一般(ban)可(ke)以自(zi)己測(ce)得(de)第三階段的(de)低恒壓值(zhi)。方(fang)法是，不接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，給充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器加市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，用數(shu)字萬用表(biao)的(de)200V直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓檔測(ce)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。另(ling)兩個(ge)參數(shu)高恒壓值(zhi)和(he)轉折電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般(ban)需要專用工具才能(neng)測(ce)得(de)。

       再(zai)(zai)補充一(yi)些正(zheng)確(que)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法：1，變綠燈后再(zai)(zai)接著(zhu)充2－3小(xiao)時。2，原則是淺放(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)），就是騎行不足夠遠，也(ye)要(yao)及時充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免放(fang)光(guang)再(zai)(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長期不騎，要(yao)定(ding)期（2－3個(ge)月(yue)(yue)）充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次(ci)。4，長期淺放(fang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，3個(ge)月(yue)(yue)左右，作(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)次(ci)深(shen)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是所謂(wei)放(fang)光(guang)再(zai)(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池深(shen)部的(de)(de)長期不動(dong)的(de)(de)物質的(de)(de)活化。放(fang)光(guang)的(de)(de)意思(si)是，騎到(dao)控制器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池欠壓保護動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)止(zhi)。

       需要提醒客(ke)戶幾點：1，一(yi)般新電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)投(tou)入使(shi)用8－10個(ge)月(yue)后，要對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行檢查和維(wei)護(hu)。2，一(yi)般名牌車配套的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器是經(jing)過篩選的(de)(de)(de)，通常不用測試，但是單獨到市場上采購的(de)(de)(de)非(fei)配套充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，一(yi)定要進行前(qian)述三(san)個(ge)參數的(de)(de)(de)測試。3，有一(yi)種不帶(dai)工頻變(bian)壓器的(de)(de)(de)可控硅充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，直接(jie)整流(liu)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可到30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可調，未徹底(di)切斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)，千(qian)萬(wan)不要摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，貨運(yun)三(san)輪使(shi)用這類(lei)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)客(ke)戶特別要注意安全。