充電器(Charger)是一種為(wei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置提供能量的(de)設(she)備，廣泛用(yong)于手機、相機、MP3、MP4等常(chang)見數(shu)碼產(chan)品。市(shi)場(chang)上(shang)的(de)產(chan)品都是配售充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，使(shi)用(yong)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是有(you)些沒(mei)(mei)有(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)場(chang)合(he)或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插座(zuo)不(bu)兼(jian)容、偏遠地區、旅(lv)行中，特(te)別是沒(mei)(mei)有(you)任(ren)何(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源情(qing)況(kuang)下不(bu)方(fang)便充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，設(she)計的(de)多源數(shu)碼充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在(zai)任(ren)何(he)情(qing)況(kuang)下進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒(mei)(mei)有(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)用(yong)2節1．5 V干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒(mei)(mei)有(you)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池也(ye)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)3．7 V內部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即(ji)使(shi)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)任(ren)何(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)用(yong)手壓發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機來給數(shu)碼產(chan)品充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)上(shang)介紹的(de)就是本充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)特(te)別之(zhi)處，也(ye)是該設(she)計的(de)特(te)別之(zhi)處：即(ji)隨時(shi)隨地給數(shu)碼產(chan)品充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國家有關標準，移動通信手持機充電器應符合如下要求：

　　1)輸(shu)入電壓(ya) 交流(liu)充電器輸(shu)入額度交流(liu)電壓(ya)范(fan)圍應為100～240 V，容差為±10％。

　　2)輸出(chu)電(dian)壓 充電(dian)器的額度輸出(chu)電(dian)壓應為直(zhi)流5 V，容(rong)差為±5％。

　　3)輸出電流 充電器(qi)的額度輸出電流范圍應為300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)波(bo)紋 ①輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)流波(bo)紋：輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(90～264 V)時(shi)(shi)，模擬負載(zai)上(shang)(shang)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范圍(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)波(bo)紋極(ji)限(xian)小(xiao)于等于100 mA峰值。②輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波(bo)紋：輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(90～264 V)時(shi)(shi)，模擬負載(zai)上(shang)(shang)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范圍(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)波(bo)紋極(ji)限(xian)小(xiao)于等于200 mV峰值。③短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)流：輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(90～264V)時(shi)(shi)，負載(zai)短(duan)路，短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)流限(xian)值小(xiao)于950 mA。

　　5)電流(liu)倒灌 在任何情況下，無論充(chong)電器(qi)(qi)是否插上電源，由手持機測流(liu)向充(chong)電器(qi)(qi)的電流(liu)應不大于(yu)5 mA。

　　6)無負載能量消耗輸入電壓(100～240 V)時，負載開路，輸出波(bo)紋極限(xian)小于300 mW。

　　7)充電(dian)器平(ping)均(jun)效(xiao)率 充電(dian)器平(ping)均(jun)效(xiao)率應不小于50％。

　　8)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)設(she)計要求 充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流不高于200 mA。

　　2 系統(tong)整體設(she)計

　　充電器分(fen)為(wei)高壓、充(chong)電管(guan)理、升壓、邏輯控(kong)制照明燈、內部蓄電池(chi)、干電池(chi)、手動按壓等功能模塊。系(xi)統(tong)整體結(jie)構框圖如(ru)圖1所示。

　　2．1 高壓(ya)模塊(kuai)

　　該(gai)(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路接通(tong)交(jiao)流(liu)220 V經整流(liu)橋后(hou)，形成直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，經C1，C2濾波(bo)后(hou)，該(gai)(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)經開(kai)關(guan)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)1，2引腳(jiao)(jiao)施加(jia)到三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)C極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，同時(shi)該(gai)(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)基極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(B)提供一個正向偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，使三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2導(dao)通(tong)。R4，無極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4和(he)肖特(te)基二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD3起保(bao)護(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。此時(shi)振(zhen)蕩(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路開(kai)始工作(zuo)(zuo)，開(kai)關(guan)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)l，2腳(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)過，在變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)3，4腳(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R12加(jia)到三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)(de)(de)基極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，使VQ2的(de)(de)(de)基極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)導(dao)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)加(jia)大(da)，迅(xun)速進入(ru)飽和(he)區。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)于0．5 A，U2導(dao)通(tong)，把VQ2的(de)(de)(de)基極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)拉低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開(kai)始減(jian)少，變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)1，2引腳(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)量也(ye)開(kai)始減(jian)少。VQ3部分為(wei)限流(liu)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，當R23，R24增大(da)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減(jian)少，減(jian)少時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)增大(da)。TL431為(wei)恒流(liu)源，輸出穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)5 V，使光(guang)耦工作(zuo)(zuo)，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)才(cai)不(bu)斷的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)振(zhen)蕩(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，在變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)Tl的(de)(de)(de)6引腳(jiao)(jiao)感應(ying)出一個5 V的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，經二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD4整流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4，C5濾波(bo)后(hou)，通(tong)過標準(zhun)USB為(wei)外(wai)部數碼產(chan)品充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖(tu)2為(wei)高壓(ya)模塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖(tu)。

　　2．2 充電管(guan)理器(qi)件BQ2057

　　此充(chong)(chong)電器(qi)中，接(jie)(jie)通(tong)市電后(hou)為(wei)內部(bu)蓄電池充(chong)(chong)電的(de)同時，此器(qi)件(jian)的(de)輸(shu)出電壓(ya)為(wei)4．2 V，從(cong)而通(tong)過(guo)SMT插(cha)座為(wei)外部(bu)數碼產(chan)品充(chong)(chong)電。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電過(guo)程中，電流開始(shi)恒流并且(qie)逐漸下降，而電壓(ya)逐漸上(shang)升最后(hou)恒壓(ya)。電流接(jie)(jie)近零時，充(chong)(chong)電完成(cheng)。

　　2．3 邏輯控制照(zhao)明燈模塊

　　當接入(ru)干電池時(shi)，按一下開(kai)關燈(deng)(deng)(deng)亮，再按一下燈(deng)(deng)(deng)滅。這個模塊里的燈(deng)(deng)(deng)為手電筒用于照明，其電流不超過200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的充電器都為單面板，并且體積比較小，而研制的充電器為(wei)雙面板，考慮到(dao)充電器(qi)外殼(ke)的形狀和大小，所以(yi)元器(qi)件(jian)貼片的較(jiao)多(duo)；因為(wei)有(you)手壓裝置，所以(yi)要(yao)注(zhu)意元器(qi)件(jian)的擺放(fang)位(wei)置。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國家標準的要求，在實驗中：1)當輸入電壓范圍在90～264 V之間時，空載時輸出直流電壓在4．77～4．96 V，輸出電流在O．31～0．32 A；2)在測試電流波紋時，噪聲很少，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電流波紋限值150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在測試電壓波紋時，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電壓波紋限值150～160 mV；4)當輸入電壓9～260 V負載短路時，短路電流限值540～800 mA：5)當輸入電壓100～260 V空載時功率消耗限值為2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當輸入電壓220 V，輸入電流12 mA時輸入功率為640 mW。輸出電壓5．1 V，輸出電流0．3 A時輸出功率為1 530 mW：7)平均效率為57％；8)測量過程中電流無倒灌現象。此測試結果表明本充電器完全符合國家標準。

　　利(li)用(yong)高壓模塊(kuai)和(he)充電(dian)管理模塊(kuai)為(wei)外部(bu)數碼產品充電(dian)，并且(qie)給出充電(dian)過程中電(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)流的測(ce)試(shi)數據(ju)及(ji)其變化趨勢。

　　1)通過(guo)市電(dian)利(li)用標準(zhun)USB給外部數碼產品充(chong)電(dian)，電(dian)池為910mAh，每隔l min記(ji)一次電(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)流的變(bian)化(hua)(hua)，此實驗的數據如表(biao)1。充(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)電(dian)壓電(dian)流變(bian)化(hua)(hua)趨勢如圖(tu)3所示(shi)，從(cong)圖(tu)3中可(ke)明顯看出，充(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)的電(dian)壓由開始5．28 V逐漸